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A-Level Psychology > Experiments > Flashcards

Experiments Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Laboratory Experiment?

A

Highly Controlled and Artificial Enviroment

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2
Q

What is a Field Experiment?

A

Controlled Variables in a natural/realistic environment

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3
Q

What is a Quasi(Natural) Experiment?

A

No control over the independent variable- it’s naturally occurring. e.g gender- no direct control.

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4
Q

Strengths of Lab Experiment…

A

-Ensures that the variable manipulated is the only thing affecting the behaviour

-Easy to replicate

-Can show cause and effect

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5
Q

Weaknesses of Lab Experiment…

A

-Less Ecological Validity

-Demand characteristics

-Ethics

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6
Q

Strengths of Field Experiment….

A

-More Ecological Validity

-Less demand characteristics

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7
Q

Weaknesses of Field Experiment ….

A

-Variable manipulated may be affected by something else like the situation or participants

-Difficult to replicate

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8
Q

Strengths of Quasi Experiment…

A

-Allows the study of the effects of the variables psychologists can’t manipulate or change on behaviour

-Can show cause and effect

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9
Q

Weaknesses of Quasi Experiment…

A

-No control over participants- may be confounding variables which influence behaviour

-Not easy to replicate

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10
Q

What is the Independent Variable…

A

Thing you change

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11
Q

What is the Dependent Variable…

A

Thing you measure

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12
Q

What is Validity?

A

Measure of how well a test measures what it claims to measure

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13
Q

What is a Confounding Variable?

A

Something affecting your results (the DV) that is not spotted by the experimenter

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14
Q

What are Participant Variables?

A

Changes from the people doing the test (tired or bored)

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15
Q

What are Situational Variables?

A

-Something about the situation that affects DV

-Changes in where the test is (noise, temperature, time of day)

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16
Q

What are Experimenter Variables?

A

Changes from the experimenter (tone of voice, body language)

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17
Q

What is an Extraneous Variable?

A

A variable that could affect the DV but has been controlled for so it doesn’t become confounding and affect the results (validity)

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18
Q

What is Experimental Design?

A

How you put people into groups and run the experiment

19
Q

What is Independent Measures Design?

A

Participants take part in one condition (2 groups)

20
Q

What is Repeated Measures Design?

A

Participants take part in both conditions

21
Q

What is Matched Pairs Design?

A

Participants are matched in each condition for characterstics that may affect their performance- makes it similar

22
Q

What are Individual Differences?

A

Differences between people (participant variables)

23
Q

Differences between people (participant variables)

A

People behave accordingly to the aim

24
Q

What are Order Effects?

A

When the order of the conditions affect the participants. E.g the Participants may be better the second time round due having practise the first time.

Caused by repeated tests (situational variable)

25
Q

Strengths of Independent Measures Design?

A

-Only in one condition- fewer situational variables such as demand characteristics- increases validity

  • If someone drops out you can find someone else- only one piece of data
26
Q

Weaknesses of Independent Measures Design?

A
  • Participant Variables decrease validity
  • Twice as many people needed
  • One group may be better than the other( individual difference- participant variables)
27
Q

Strengths of Repeated Measures Design?

A
  • Controlling Participant Variables increases validity

-See a clear difference between participants in both conditions

28
Q

Weaknesses of Repeated Measures Design?

A

-Participants might act accordingly-order effects- this affects validity

  • Two tasks must be prepared, equivalent difficulty and may be counterbalanced

-Situational Variables affects validity
-Lose 2 sets of data if someone drops out

29
Q

Strengths of Matched Pairs Design?

A

-Less Individual Differences so less participant variables improving validity as its been controlled

-No Problems with order effects

30
Q

Weaknesses of Matched Pairs Design?

A

-If someone drops out you have to find another mate or you risk losing 2 sets of data

-Requires work to match participants, especially on characteristics like IQ that needs testing.

31
Q

What process is used to deal with Order Effects?

A

Counterbalancing

32
Q

What is Operationalising Variables?

A

How you manipulate the Independent Variable

33
Q

How do you write an Alternate Hypothesis ?

A

There will be a significant difference between…
Then the IV and DV needs to be operationalised

34
Q

What is a Null Hypothesis?

A

There will be no significant difference between

35
Q

How do you write a Null Hypothesis?

A

There will be no significant difference between…
Then the IV and DV needs to be operationalised
Any difference will be due to chance

36
Q

Why do Participant Variables Occur?

A

Not everyone is the same. You can only limit the effect of individual differences.

37
Q

How to Solve Individual Differences…

A
  • Take a large sample so that extreme cases have less effect on the overall result

-Random Allocation- individuals with very high or low scores may be called Outliers

-Repeated Measures Design- so you can get the same participants but use them twice

38
Q

How to Solve Situational Variables…

A

-Standardisation-All must follow exactly the same procedure: same order, timings, equipment, surroundings

-Counterbalancing(ABBA)- Half of participants do Task A followed by Task B, the remainder do it the other way round. This increases validity as the differences should balance out

39
Q

How to Solve Experimenter Variables…

A

-Experimenter uses Standardised Instructions

-Single Blind-Participants don’t know what the study is about- increases validity but because of ethics they have to give informed consent, so lowers ethics

-Double Blind- Participants and Investigator don’t know what the study is about

40
Q

What is Conformation Bias…

A

When the experimenter has already made their mind up. Body language or tone of voice alters their response towards participants

41
Q

What is Reliability…

A

Can you repeat the study and get the same results- consistent

42
Q

What is Inter-Rater- Reliability…

A

Repeat the experiment with a different person running it- should get the same results

43
Q

What is observer/researcher bias?

A

researcher’s expectations, opinions, or prejudices influence what they perceive or record in a study

A-Level Psychology (36 decks)

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