ImmunoPharm (Italics version) Flashcards
🎵 “Etanercept blocks the flame,
(—) -alpha is its name.
Secukinumab fights IL-(——–),
Keeps your joints nice and clean.
Ustekinumab takes on two,
Twelve and twenty-three—it’ll do.
Tocilizumab calms the mix,
By shutting down IL number six.” 🎵
🎵 “Etanercept blocks the flame,
TNF-alpha is its name.
Secukinumab fights IL-seventeen,
Keeps your joints nice and clean.
Ustekinumab takes on two,
Twelve and twenty-three—it’ll do.
Tocilizumab calms the mix,
By shutting down IL number six.” 🎵
🎵 “Etanercept blocks the flame,
TNF-alpha is its name.
Secukinumab fights IL-seventeen,
Keeps your joints nice and clean.
(———-) takes on two,
Twelve and twenty-(—–) —it’ll do.
Tocilizumab calms the mix,
By shutting down IL number six.” 🎵
🎵 “Etanercept blocks the flame,
TNF-alpha is its name.
Secukinumab fights IL-seventeen,
Keeps your joints nice and clean.
Ustekinumab takes on two,
Twelve and twenty-three—it’ll do.
Tocilizumab calms the mix,
By shutting down IL number six.” 🎵
🎵 “Etanercept blocks the flame,
TNF-alpha is its name.
Secukinumab fights IL-seventeen,
Keeps your joints nice and clean.
Ustekinumab takes on two,
Twelve and twenty-three—it’ll do.
Tocilizumab calms the mix,
By shutting down IL number (—-).” 🎵
🎵 “Etanercept blocks the flame,
TNF-alpha is its name.
Secukinumab fights IL-seventeen,
Keeps your joints nice and clean.
Ustekinumab takes on two,
Twelve and twenty-three—it’ll do.
Tocilizumab calms the mix,
By shutting down IL number six.” 🎵
What is passive, selective antibody therapy?
Treatment with pre-formed antibodies from a donor that targets a specific antigen.
What is Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy (IVIg)?
A therapy that involves administering antibodies to treat various conditions.
Name two types of antibodies that can be used in passive antibody therapy.
- Antibodies against pathogens (e.g., botulism, measles)
- Antibodies against hormones/receptors (e.g., herceptin)
What is etanercept (Enbrel)?
An anti-TNFalpha antibody used to block pro-inflammatory cytokines that help w/destruction of cells.
monoclonal antibody
What conditions is etanercept (Enbrel) used to treat?
Moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis.
What are some pharmacotoxicology risks associated with monoclonal antibodies?
- Increased risk of infections (e.g., tuberculosis)
- Reactivation of hepatitis B
- Increased risk of certain cancers
- Compromised therapeutic effects of vaccines
What is secukinumab (Cosentyx)?
An anti-IL-17A monoclonal antibody used to block pro-inflammatory cytokines.
What is the primary use of secukinumab (Cosentyx)?
Treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.
What is ustekinumab (Stelara)?
An anti-IL-12 and IL-23 monoclonal antibody.
U get 2!
What conditions does ustekinumab (Stelara) treat?
Crohn’s Disease and Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
What is tocilizumab (Actemra)?
An anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody.
What conditions is tocilizumab (Actemra) used to treat?
- Moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis
- COVID-19 illness
Define ‘passive’ immunotherapy.
Non-antigen treatment that enhances an active acquired immune response without triggering it.
What is ‘passive, non-selective’ immunotherapy?
Treatment with cytokines or growth factors that enhance immune responses against any antigen.
What is a monoclonal antibody?
An antibody made by cloning a single, unique antibody-forming cell (B-cell) that forms a single type of antibody.
What are immunostimulants?
Substances that enhance the immune response
What are examples of 2 passive, non-selective immunostimulants?
Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)
& IL-2
What conditions are treated with GM-CSF?
Immunodeficiency conditions associated with AIDS, radiation, and chemotherapy
What is ‘passive, non-selective’ immunotherapy?
Treatment with cytokines or growth factors that enhance immune responses against any antigen
What are hematopoietic growth factors?
Factors that act on stem cells in bone marrow
Name the two functional categories of hematopoietic growth factors.
- Pleiotropic/general growth factors
- Lineage-specific growth factors
What do pleiotropic/general growth factors like GM-CSF stimulate?
Multiple bone marrow lineages including eosinophils, monocytes, and neutrophils
What is the function of lineage-specific growth factors like G-CSF?
Selectively stimulate the production of neutrophils
What is interleukin 2 (IL-2) used to treat?
interleukin-2 is used in the treatment of immunodeficiency disorders
(often in combination with GM-CSF)
What type of inhibitor is nivolumab?
anti-PD-1 inhibitor
Effective against melanoma, non-small cell carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, etc.
What type of inhibitor is avelumab?
anti-PD-L1 inhibitor
Effective against melanoma, non-small cell carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, etc.
What is the potential risk associated with the non-selective activation of cytotoxic T-cells?
Collateral autoimmune damage
The safety profile of these new medications seems acceptable.
How do many forms of cancer evade detection by the immune system?
By producing inhibitory immune checkpoint proteins (ligands) that suppress immune functions.
What happens when checkpoint proteins are triggered in cancer cells?
They switch off processes that activate T-cell attack of tumor cells.
What is the revolutionary effect of immune checkpoint protein inhibitors in cancer therapy?
They ‘unmask’ cancer cells to cytotoxic T-cells, leading to their destruction.
Fill in the blank: Many cancer cells express ligands for these ________ which suppress immune functions.
checkpoint receptors
True or False: The safety profile of new checkpoint inhibitors is considered poor.
False
Fill in the blank: nivolumab is a anti- ________ inhibitor effective against melanoma, non-small cell carcinoma, pancreatic cancer.
anti-PD-1 inhibitor
What is ‘Active’ immunotherapy?
Antigen treatment that triggers an active acquired immune response in a patient.
The treatment involves administering the antigen and relying on the patient’s immune system to recognize and remember it.
What is the goal of ‘Active’ immunotherapy?
To produce antibodies that recognize the antigen for a quick response in the future.
This approach primarily affects humoral immunity.
What characterizes ‘Active, selective’ immunotherapy?
It triggers a response against a specific antigen.
This type of immunotherapy is focused on targeting a particular antigen.
What characterizes ‘Active, non-selective’ immunotherapy?
It triggers a generalized response against more than one antigen.
This response is usually mediated by macrophages or natural killer cells.
How does IL-2 work as an immunostimulant?
Interleukin-2 is a cytokine needed to activate an Acquired/Adaptive Immune response (AIR), activate those other immune cells, drawing them to the place of where the infection or immunogen is.
cyclosporine is an IL-2 inhibitor as an immunosuppressant, but we can use IL-2 as an immunostimulant
