Immunology

Question 1

What are the 4 cardinal Signs of inflammation?

Answer 1

Redness
Warmth
Swelling
Pain

Question 2

The skin is a main physical barrier in innate immunity. It is responsible for secreting which two main chemotactic cytokines?

Answer 2

IL-8

TNF-alpha

Question 3

Within the skin what is the main APC found ?

Answer 3

Dendritic cells

Question 4

Within the GI Paneth cells are found and are responsible for secreting what three things as a defense mechanism?

Answer 4

lysozymes
phospholipase A
alpha defensins

Question 5

The main 3 cells of immunity are what?

Answer 5

1) epithelial cells
2) phagocytes
3) NK Cells

Question 6

The main 2 phagocytes of the innate immunity are:

Answer 6

Neutrophils

macrophages

Question 7

The cell that destroys abnormal cells and destroy them even in the absence of a specific trigger is know as what?

Answer 7

NK cells

Question 8

The Interleukin that promotes the proliferation of NK cells is what?

a) IL-7
b) IL 2
c) IL 17
d) IL 5

Answer 8

IL 2

Question 9

Bacteria induce macrophages to release IL-6, IL-6 acts on the liver to release what 3 acute phase proteins?

Answer 9

1) C-reactive Protein
2) Fibrinogen
3) mannose binding lectin

Question 10

The 3 types of PRRs are what?

Answer 10

1) Secreting
2) Phagocytosis
3) signaling

Question 11

mannose binding protein and C-reactive protein are both examples of what kind of Protein Recognition Receptor?

Answer 11

Type 1 PRR ( remember type 1 PRR are secreted and float around the blood and lymph to bind to certain bacteria/pathogens)

Question 12

TLRs are found in which type of PRRs?

Answer 12

Type 3

Question 13

When pathogens bind to TLRs what is the result of this?

Answer 13

activation of signal transduction and expression of cytokine genes

Question 14

When NF-kB signaling pathway is activated what two cytokines genes does it turn on?

Answer 14

TNF alpha and IL-1

Question 15

Streptococci is a gram-positive bacteria that can easily bind to which TLR?

Answer 15

TLR-2

Question 16

Viruses can easily bind to which TLR?

Answer 16

TLR -3 ( remember TLR 3 binds to dsRNA)

Question 17

Gram negative bacteria contain an LPS that can bind to which TLR?

Answer 17

TLR-4

Question 18

When looking at a cell. which TLR will you find inside the cell within the endosome?

Answer 18

TLR-3

Question 19

At the site of infection the recruitment of neutrophils to the scene is done by macrophages that secrete 4 cytokines. What are those 4 cytokines?

Answer 19

IL-8
IL-1
TNF alpha
PG-E2

Question 20

once the integrins are activated, it is able to bind to what to adhere to the endothelium?

Answer 20

ICAM ( this allows the neutrophil to become marginalized and adhere firmly)

Question 21

The intracellular killing capacity of the phagocytes may be demonstrated by the reduction of what?

Answer 21

NBT

Question 22

A low NBT determines what?

Answer 22

NADPH is absent so the cell cant make ROS to kill the pathogen

Question 23

NK cells contain two mechanisms to kill pathogens, one of those is having the Killer Activating Receptor that binds to PAMPS. Once this receptor binds to the pathogen what is released to kill the pathogen?

Answer 23

perforin and granenzyme

Question 24

In order list the ADCC cascade.

Answer 24

IgG binds to antigen»» CD16 binds to IgG»> NK activation (K activation of FasL)&raquo_space;» Caspase is activated»>FAs target is destroyed.

Question 25

What cytokines activate NK cells ? ( 5 of them)

Answer 25

IL-12
IL-15
TNF alpha
INF alpha
INF beta

Question 26

KIR on NK cells bind to what on a normal cell?

Answer 26

MHC class I molecule