Blood histology Flashcards
When comparing Serum and plasma. What are the contents of plasma?
Proteins (fibrinogen) ions, nutrients, gases, hormones, vitamins, enzymes
What is the 5 main functions of blood?
Transportation, Stabalizing pH, regulating temperature, and a highway for WBC migration
What are the 5 types of fixed cells?
Mast cells, macrophages, adipose cells and fibroblast
How do RBCs make energy?
Glycolysis
What are the newly synthesized RBCs called?
reticulocyte
Define anisocytosis
abnormal size of RBCs
What protein is responsible for the shape of the RBCs in order to make them more flexible?
Spectrin
What are the membrane proteins on RBCs named?
glycophorin and band 3
The removal of bicarbonate in the RBC is done by what two proteins?
glycophorin and band 3
A patient who is diagnosed with round convex RBCs has a defect in what 2 proteins?
spectrin and ankyrin
Defect in spectrin and ankyrin is called what?
Heriditary spherocytosis
Where is the primary location of function for WBCs?
tissues
How are WBCs classified as? (2 things)
Granulocytes and agrunolocytes
What cells fall under the granulocyte category?
Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
What cells fall under the agranulocyte category?
lymphocytes and monocytes
During an acute bacterial infection which granulocyte is the first to be at the scene?
neutrophils
A patient presents with a pus filled infection. The pus is made up of what two components?
dead neutrophils and bacteria
How do Neutrophils select bacteria for phagocytosis?
antibodies and chemoattractor emission
When the mitochondria of bacteria bursts, it releases a chemoattractant that is recognized by phagocytic cells. What is the type of chemoattractant?
N-formylated peptide
Neutrophils contain two main types of granules. What are they?
1) azurophilic primary granules
2) specific secondary granules
Azurophilic primary granules utilize what enzyme to help generate the “bleach” for the denaturation of microorganisms and its neighboring tissue?
myeloperoxidase
collagenase is found in which type of granules in the neutrophil?
specific secondary granules
Describe the Neutrophil oxidative burst in regards to the killing of microorganisms/
Burst of oxygen consumption leads to the production of superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide. This Reactive O2 radical works with myeolperoxide and halide ions to kill.
During the Superoxide production what makes the O2 free radical?
Electron transfer from the NADPH.
A patient presents with recurrent bacteria/ fungal infections and has developed granulomas in response to chronic inflammation. The proper diagnosis would be?
Chronic Granulomatous disease
A patient with chronic granulomateous disease has a defect in what?
NADPH oxidase enzyme. Which prevents the phagocytic cells to produce superoxide anions.
An increase in the granulocyte that would fight a parasite infection would also be responsible for what what kind of reaction?
Allergic reactions
Eosinophils would be best stained by what?
Eosin
The main specific granule found in Eosinophils is what?
Major basic protein
The role of Major Basic protein is to do what? Where will it be located?
denature proteins on the plasma membrane of other cells.
Internum
The reason for the lowered incidence of Chrons disease in developing countries is due to what?
Parasites within the body that keep leukocytes especially eosinophils from activating.
Basophils have what immunoglobulin receptor on there membrane?
IgE
Basophils during infections secrete what two things from their specific granules?
Heparin and Histamine
When comparing mast cells and basophils, there seems to be no difference except in there locations. Where would you find both of them?
1) mast cell- connective tissue
2) basophil- blood
Platelets are derived from what giant precursor?
Megakaryocytes
Platelets are activated by the presence of what?
Collagen
Platelets have an extensive cytoskeleton what is essential for their clot retraction?
actin-myosin
What stimulates blood coagulation in the platelets?
Platelet factor IV
Platelets also function in wound repair by secreting two things that will eventually promote the invasion of fibroblast to form a scar. what are those two things called?
Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta)
Methylene Blue is what kind of Dye and what does it stain?
1) basic dye
2) stains acidic cellullar structures
Eosin is what kind of dye and what does it stain?
1) acid dye
2) stains basic cellular structures
DNA will stain what color?
Blue
Hemoglobin will stain what color?
pink/red
Which type of blood cell can live the longest in the human body?
Lymphocytes
When looking at an Electron micrograph, what is the distinguishable feature of a eosinophil?
you can see the stripe that goes across its granules This stripe is the so-called internum, which is where the major basic protein is found.
