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Immunisations Flashcards

1
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

Substance that stimulates the production of antibodies and provides active immunity

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2
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Protection produced by individuals own immune system

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3
Q

How is active immunity acquired?

A

Infection

Vaccination

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4
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Protection provided by transfer of antibodies from immune individuals

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5
Q

What are the main types of vaccine?

A

Live attenuated

Inactivated

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6
Q

Which vaccinations are live attenuated?

A

Rotavirus
MMR
Nasal flu

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7
Q

Which vaccines are inactivated?

A 
Diptheria
Tetanus
Meningitis
Polio
Pertussis
Pneumococcus
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8
Q

What organism causes diptheria?

A

Corynebacterium diptheria

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9
Q

What type of organism is Corynebacterium diptheria?

A

Toxin producing gram positive cocci

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10
Q

How is diptheria spread?

A

Respiratory droplet

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11
Q

What is the incubation period of diptheria?

A

3-5 days

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12
Q

What happens in diptheria?

A

Toxin kills cells which form a pseudomembrane

Swelling of tissues in neck = bulls neck

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13
Q

What organism causes tetanus?

A

Clositridium tetani

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14
Q

What type of organism is clostridium tetani?

A

Gram positive bacillus

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15
Q

How is tetanus spread?

A

Spores which enter open wounds

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16
Q

What happens in tetanus?

A

Blocks inhibitory neurotransmitters = widespread motor neurone activation

Widespread muscle spasms

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17
Q

What organism causes whooping cough?

A

Bordatella pertussis

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18
Q

What type of organism is bordatella pertussis?

A

Gram positive coccobacillus

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19
Q

How is whooping cough spread?

A

Droplet spread

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20
Q

What is the incubation period of whooping cough?

A

7-10 days

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21
Q

What happens in whooping cough?

A

Stage 1 = catarrhal phase

  • 1-2 weeks
  • flu symptoms

Stage 2 = paroxysmal phase

  • up to 10 weeks
  • intense coughing periods - followed by whoop

Stage 3 = convalescent phase
- cough that lasts for weeks

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22
Q

How is whooping cough diagnosed?

A

FBC - very high WBC

Deep pernasal pharyngeal swab culture

23
Q

When is whooping cough vaccinated against?

A

Maternal vaccination at 28-32 weeks

24
Q

What organism causes poliomyelitis?

A

Poliovirus

25
Q

What type of organism is poliovirus?

A

RNA enterovirus

26
Q

How is polio spread?

A

Faecal-oral

27
Q

What is the incubation period of polio?

28
Q

What happens in polio?

A

Subclinical = mild coryzal symptoms

Non-paralytic

  • fever
  • headache
  • sore throat
  • neck stiffness

Paralytic symptoms

29
Q

What is a conjugare vaccine?

A

Vaccine containing bacterial capsular polysaccharide joined to a protein to enhance immunogenicity

30
Q

What organism causes Hib disease?

A

Haemophilus influenza type B

31
Q

What type of organism is haemophilus influenza?

A

Gram negative coccobacillus

32
Q

How is haemophilus influenza spread?

A

Droplet spread

33
Q

What is the incubation period of haemophilus influenza?

34
Q

What type of organism is rotavirus?

35
Q

How is rotavirus spread?

A

Faecal-oral transmission

36
Q

What is the incubation period of rotavirus?

37
Q

What happens in rotavirus infections?

A

Mild fever
Watery diarrhoea
Vomiting

38
Q

What organism causes rubella?

39
Q

What type of organism is togavirus?

40
Q

How is rubella spread?

A

Droplet spread

41
Q

What is the incubation period of rubella?

A

14-21 days

42
Q

What are the features of rubella?

A

Coryzal features
Lymphadenopathy
Erythematous rash

43
Q

What is the risk of rubella infection?

A

Congenital rubella syndrome

44
Q

What are features of congenital rubella syndrome?

A

Sensorineural deafness
Eye abnormalities
Congenital heart diseae
Learning difficulties

45
Q

What organism causes mumps?

A

Paramyxovirus

46
Q

How is mumps spread?

A

Airborne

Droplet spread

47
Q

What is the incubation period for mumps?

48
Q

What happens in mumps?

A

Bilateral parotid swelling

49
Q

What organism causes measles?

A

Morbilivirus

50
Q

How is measles spread?

A

Airborne

Droplet spread

51
Q

What is the incubation period of measles?

52
Q

What happens in measles?

A

COyrza
Conjuctivitis
Koplik spots
Rash

53
Q

Which vaccines contain egg?

A

Live flu
Rabies
Yellow fever

Paediatrics (40 decks)

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