Immunisations

Question 1

What is a vaccine?

Answer 1

Substance that stimulates the production of antibodies and provides active immunity

Question 2

What is active immunity?

Answer 2

Protection produced by individuals own immune system

Question 3

How is active immunity acquired?

Answer 3

Infection

Vaccination

Question 4

What is passive immunity?

Answer 4

Protection provided by transfer of antibodies from immune individuals

Question 5

What are the main types of vaccine?

Answer 5

Live attenuated

Inactivated

Question 6

Which vaccinations are live attenuated?

Answer 6

Rotavirus
MMR
Nasal flu

Question 7

Which vaccines are inactivated?

Answer 7

Diptheria
Tetanus
Meningitis
Polio
Pertussis
Pneumococcus

Question 8

What organism causes diptheria?

Answer 8

Corynebacterium diptheria

Question 9

What type of organism is Corynebacterium diptheria?

Answer 9

Toxin producing gram positive cocci

Question 10

How is diptheria spread?

Answer 10

Respiratory droplet

Question 11

What is the incubation period of diptheria?

Answer 11

3-5 days

Question 12

What happens in diptheria?

Answer 12

Toxin kills cells which form a pseudomembrane

Swelling of tissues in neck = bulls neck

Question 13

What organism causes tetanus?

Answer 13

Clositridium tetani

Question 14

What type of organism is clostridium tetani?

Answer 14

Gram positive bacillus

Question 15

How is tetanus spread?

Answer 15

Spores which enter open wounds

Question 16

What happens in tetanus?

Answer 16

Blocks inhibitory neurotransmitters = widespread motor neurone activation

Widespread muscle spasms

Question 17

What organism causes whooping cough?

Answer 17

Bordatella pertussis

Question 18

What type of organism is bordatella pertussis?

Answer 18

Gram positive coccobacillus

Question 19

How is whooping cough spread?

Answer 19

Droplet spread

Question 20

What is the incubation period of whooping cough?

Answer 20

7-10 days

Question 21

What happens in whooping cough?

Answer 21

Stage 1 = catarrhal phase

• 1-2 weeks
• flu symptoms

Stage 2 = paroxysmal phase

• up to 10 weeks
• intense coughing periods - followed by whoop

Stage 3 = convalescent phase
- cough that lasts for weeks

Question 22

How is whooping cough diagnosed?

Answer 22

FBC - very high WBC

Deep pernasal pharyngeal swab culture

Question 23

When is whooping cough vaccinated against?

Answer 23

Maternal vaccination at 28-32 weeks

Question 24

What organism causes poliomyelitis?

Answer 24

Poliovirus

Question 25

What type of organism is poliovirus?

Answer 25

RNA enterovirus

Question 26

How is polio spread?

Answer 26

Faecal-oral

Question 27

What is the incubation period of polio?

Answer 27

3-21 days

Question 28

What happens in polio?

Answer 28

Subclinical = mild coryzal symptoms Non-paralytic - fever - headache - sore throat - neck stiffness Paralytic symptoms

Question 29

What is a conjugare vaccine?

Answer 29

Vaccine containing bacterial capsular polysaccharide joined to a protein to enhance immunogenicity

Question 30

What organism causes Hib disease?

Answer 30

Haemophilus influenza type B

Question 31

What type of organism is haemophilus influenza?

Answer 31

Gram negative coccobacillus

Question 32

How is haemophilus influenza spread?

Answer 32

Droplet spread

Question 33

What is the incubation period of haemophilus influenza?

Answer 33

3-5 days

Question 34

What type of organism is rotavirus?

Answer 34

RNA virus

Question 35

How is rotavirus spread?

Answer 35

Faecal-oral transmission

Question 36

What is the incubation period of rotavirus?

Answer 36

2 days

Question 37

What happens in rotavirus infections?

Answer 37

Mild fever Watery diarrhoea Vomiting

Question 38

What organism causes rubella?

Answer 38

Togavirus

Question 39

What type of organism is togavirus?

Answer 39

RNA virus

Question 40

How is rubella spread?

Answer 40

Droplet spread

Question 41

What is the incubation period of rubella?

Answer 41

14-21 days

Question 42

What are the features of rubella?

Answer 42

Coryzal features Lymphadenopathy Erythematous rash

Question 43

What is the risk of rubella infection?

Answer 43

Congenital rubella syndrome

Question 44

What are features of congenital rubella syndrome?

Answer 44

Sensorineural deafness Eye abnormalities Congenital heart diseae Learning difficulties

Question 45

What organism causes mumps?

Answer 45

Paramyxovirus

Question 46

How is mumps spread?

Answer 46

Airborne | Droplet spread

Question 47

What is the incubation period for mumps?

Answer 47

17 days

Question 48

What happens in mumps?

Answer 48

Bilateral parotid swelling

Question 49

What organism causes measles?

Answer 49

Morbilivirus

Question 50

How is measles spread?

Answer 50

Airborne | Droplet spread

Question 51

What is the incubation period of measles?

Answer 51

10 days

Question 52

What happens in measles?

Answer 52

COyrza Conjuctivitis Koplik spots Rash

Question 53

Which vaccines contain egg?

Answer 53

Live flu Rabies Yellow fever