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hygiene Flashcards

1
Q

what is hygiene defined as

A

Hygiene can be defined as actions and practices that decrease the spread or transmission of pathogens, thereby lessening the occurrence of illness.

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2
Q

hygiene includes things like

A

washing hands, face, and body with soap and water
dental care
nail care

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3
Q

integumentary system

A
  • Physical barriers serve as the first line of defense in preventing pathogens from entering the body.
  • The integumentary system, consisting of:
    * Skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands,
    and, sweat glands
  • Its function is to block pathogens from entering the immune system from the outside environment.
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4
Q

the skin

A

Largest organ in the body, covering most of the outer surfaces of the body
* First line of defense against pathogens
* Serves as a physical barrier to offer protection to the internal parts of the body
* Contains Langerhans cells, whose role is to sense and kill pathogens that are found on the skin trying to enter the body

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5
Q

the skin layers

A

the skin is made up of two layers, the superficial epidermis and the dermis

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6
Q

the epidermis

A
  • The epidermis is the outer layer of
    the skin that lays upon the dermis
    protecting it.
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7
Q

the dermis

A
  • The dermis underlines the epidermis and is made up of connective tissue together with
    nervous tissue, blood, and blood vessels. The dermis layer provides the skin with its strength and elasticity.
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8
Q

the hypodermis

A

The hypodermis, also known as the subcutaneous layer, is beneath the dermis and separates the dermis from the underlying organs.

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9
Q

the hypodermis

A
  • The hypodermis, which contains adipose tissue, acts as a cushion from any physical trauma and insulates as it serves as fat
    storage.
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10
Q

where are mucous membranes found

A

mouth
respiratory tract
GI tract
urinary tract
other areas exposed to outside environment

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11
Q

what are mucous membranes

A
  • Acts as a barrier to outside pathogens.
  • They secrete mucus to entrap pathogens and small particles.
  • The nares have cilia which are shaped like little hairs
  • Cilia trap particles inhaled while breathing, pushing them to the front of the nose or
    back of the throat, causing the person to cough or sneeze and preventing them from
    entering the body.
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12
Q

primary roles for teeth

A
  • Chewing food to make it easier to swallow
  • Provide support and structure to the face
  • Assist in producing sounds during speech
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13
Q

what is the teeths first line of defense

A

enamel
* Protects against plaque and pathogens
* The hardest material in the human body

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14
Q

what is below the enamel

A

dentin
Protects the pulp inside the teeth

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15
Q

pulp of teeth

A

Composed of blood vessels, nerves, and
connective tissue
* Supplies nutrients to the teeth

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16
Q

oral hygiene

A
  • Keeping the mouth and teeth clean by
    brushing and flossing the teeth and using
    fluoride mouthwash to promote oral health.
  • Should be done at least twice daily
  • Nurses should assist clients with oral
    hygiene as needed
  • Clients on ventilators should be provided
    oral hygiene frequently to reduce the risk of
    Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)
  • Inadequate oral hygiene can lead to:
  • Tooth decay
  • Gingivitis
  • Periodontitis
  • Oral care should include dentures and other
    dental appliances clients use
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17
Q

nails

A

nails contain layers of keratin that protect the distal ends of the fingers and toes from injury

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18
Q

cuticles

A
  • Surround proximal and lateral edges of nails
  • A form of epidermis
  • Connects the skin of the finger to the nail plate, forming a barrier to prevent infection of underlying tissue
19
Q

pterygium

A

a membrane located behind the cuticle
- provides additional protection to skin form pathogens

20
Q

nail care

A

Keep nails and cuticles clean and dry
* Use gloves during prolonged contact with water or using harsh chemicals
* Trim nails straight across using sharp manicure scissors or clippers
* Longer nail length has been shown to conceal a greater number of germs compared to shorter nail length.
* Rub lotion into nails and cuticles when using hand cream
* Discourage biting or picking at nails or cuticles, which can allow bacteria or fungi to enter and cause
infection

21
Q

health care associated infection

A

Health Care-associated infections (HAI’s)
are Infections acquired in a healthcare
facility such as a hospital, nursing home, or
ambulatory care facility

22
Q

some was to help avoid health care-associated infections

A
  • Effective handwashing is necessary to
    prevent healthcare-associated infections.
  • Alcohol-based hand sanitizer is a solution
    that can often be used in place of soap and water.
  • Hand sanitizer must contain at least 60%
    alcohol to effectively kill most infectious pathogens.
  • Should NOT be used when:
  • Hands are visibly soiled
  • After providing care to a client with infectious
    diarrhea
  • After being exposed to bacteria produced by
    spores (Clostridium difficile)
23
Q

what is health promotion

A

the process of enabling people to increase control over and improve all aspects of their general health

24
Q

health promotion focuses on

A

Creating awareness of health problems
* Producing positive changes in behavior related to prevention and beliefs about illness
* Encouraging increased utilization of health services

25
Q

encompasses the whole person, to include:

A

Mental well-being
* Physical well-being
* Spiritual well-being and
* Social well-being

26
Q

development considerations in newborns and infants

A
  • Bathing 3 times weekly should be sufficient for most newborns.
  • Bathing more frequently can cause excessive drying and damage delicate skin.
27
Q

diaper dermatitis

A
  • Diaper dermatitis - a condition in which the skin becomes inflamed in response to
    various substances such as urine, feces, fungal and bacterial infections, and allergic
    reaction to substances in the diaper.
28
Q

treatments for diaper dermatitis

A
  • Can occur in clients of any age who wear diapers
  • Most common in infants aged 9-12 months
  • The most notable risk factor is increased moisture from wearing a diaper.
  • Treatment includes:
  • Frequent diaper changes
  • Washing and cleaning the skin with water and soap-free cleanser
  • Using topical emollients to create a barrier between skin and diaper
29
Q

developmental considerations for school-age children and teenagers

A

Hormonal changes during the preteen and teenage years can cause changes in the
skin including:
* Increased sweating
* Oily skin
* Good Hygiene practices during this time can help reduce skin breakdown
* Bathing daily
* Washing hair at least every other day
* Using deodorant or antiperspirant
* Using mild, non-comedogenic cleansers and soaps can help prevent oily skin

30
Q

encouraging good habits does waht

A

decreases the risk of infections to poor hygiene and skin breakdown

31
Q

developmental considerations with older adults

A

May resist bathing or showering for various reasons including illness or disease but other factors can include:
* Pain with mobility
* Fear of water or the sound of water
* Fear of falling
* Fear of the water temperature (too hot or cold)
* Difficulty getting in and out of the shower
* Giving clients choices concerning bathing can be enough to encourage it.

32
Q

ignoring refusals to bathe with older adults is

A
  • Ignoring refusals to bathe can be considered abuse. However, overlooking
    hygiene needs can jeopardize the client’s health.
33
Q

what does finding a way to work with clients do that is important for overall health

A
  • Finding the reason for their reluctance and working with them to find a solution is
    the job of the nurse and important to the client’s overall health.
34
Q

hemiplegia

A

paralysis that affects one side of the body

35
Q

bariatric challenges

A
  • Clients who are referred to as “bariatric” are of increased weight or body mass index (BMI). Increased BMI causes distinctive physiological
    changes that affect skin integrity, such as extremely deep skin folds, especially in the abdominal region.
36
Q

dementia

A

Clients with dementia may have difficulty performing personal hygiene activities, which can be the first sign of dementia.

37
Q

foot care

A

Foot care should be performed daily using
soap and water.
* Drying the feet completely is important,
particularly between the toes
* Apply lotion, especially on the heels but
avoid the area between the toes
* The nurse should inspect the feet for any
cuts, blisters, cracked skin, or discoloration and pay particular attention to individuals at higher risk of impaired peripheral circulation
* Follow facilities policies on trimming nails

38
Q

perineal care defined

A

cleaning the perineum, the area located between the tailbone and pubic arch.

39
Q

parts to perineal care

A

For females this means the area between the vulva and anus.
* For males, this area is between the scrotum and anus.
* Can be performed during a bed bath, tub bath, or shower as well as needed in-between bathing.
* If appropriate, the client should be allowed to perform their perineal care.
* If an indwelling urinary catheter is in place, catheter care should be performed
daily when bathing the client and if the area becomes soiled due to incontinence of the bowel throughout the day.

40
Q

complete bed bath

A

Complete bed bath: Bathing a client who remains in the bed, is usually required for those clients who are unable to ambulate to the bathroom and bathe themselves.

41
Q

partial bed bath

A

Partial bed bath: A bath given in bed by the nurse or other designated health care provider in which the client completes part of the bath themselves.

42
Q

how much alcohol should hand sanitizer have

A

60%

43
Q

bariatric at bigger risk for what infections

A

yeast

44
Q

poor oral hygiene can lead to

A
  • cardiovascular issues
  • oral issues/disease

healthcare fundamentals (29 decks)

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