exam 1 Flashcards
modifiable risk factors
behaviors and exposures that can raise or lower a person’s risk and measures that can be taken to reduce the risk
nonmodifiable risk factors
conditions that increase the risk of developing a disease. Nonmodifiable factors include genetics, ethnicity/race, age, and family health history.
the social determinants of health
- education access and quality
- health care access and quality
- neighborhood and built environment
- social and community context
- economic stability
healthy people initiative
- national health promotion and disease prevention objectives developed every ten years to improve the health of all Americans
- launched by 1979
- original focus was reducing preventable death and injury
- healthy people 2023 is in its fifth edition
health promotion
enhancing people’s influence over and improving their health
primary prevention
the act of intervening before negative health effects occur
- something before a health effect occur
secondary
detection and treatment of preclinical changes to reduce the impact if disease or injury and limit disability
- detection
tertiary
aims to reverse, minimize, or delay effects of a disease or disability
EMTALA
Passed in 1986 to prevent “patient dumping,” the practice of one health
care organization moving a client based on their inability to pay or lack of
insurance coverage.
* Ensures that any individual presenting to an Emergency Department will
receive, at minimum, a medical screening examination and treatment until
stabilized.
self-care
- It is of the utmost importance that
clinicians engage in self-care
practices to maintain their
emotional well-being, and prevent
burnout, moral distress, or lack of
compassion. - Self-care is an inclusive group of
activities used to promote one’s
mental health and overall well-being. - Burnout is a progressive loss of
idealism, energy, and purpose
experienced by people in the helping
professions as a result of the
conditions of their work.
passive communication
Avoids conflict, expressing feelings or opinions, or standing up for themselves when boundaries are crossed.
assertive communication
most effective because they communicate clearly and honestly. They advocate for their opinions, rights, and needs without violating the rights of others.
aggressive communication
communication that is verbally, and sometimes physically, abusive.
passive aggressive
communication that appears passive on the surface, but often, the individual is demonstrating anger in a subtle, indirect, or secretive way.
modes of communication
verbal
non-verbal
auditory
emotional
energetic
written
electronic
developmental and cognitive factors of communication barriers
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Down Syndrome
Dementia
Other Cognitive Disabilities
Psychiatric Disorders
environmental factors for communication barriers
Noise
Extreme Temperatures
Lighting
Outside Distractions
situational factors for communication barriers
Strong Emotions
Illicit Drug Use
Medications
cultural factors for communication barriers
language
religion
ethnicity
demographic factors of communication barriers
sexual orientation
age
gender
therapeutic communication
- helps build trust between the nurse and client
- encourages open communication
- allows for immediate feedback
- allows the client to feel heard
therapeutic communication techniques
open-ended questions
silence
active listening
accepting
giving recognition
restating/summarizing/paraphrasing
reflection
motivational interviewing
a form of therapeutic communication that allows the nurse and client to develop plans to promote the client using several techniques
OARS
open-ended questions
affirmations
reflective listening
summarizing
nontherapeutic techniques
opposite of therapeutic communication
- not listening
- rejecting what the client is saying
- being critical
- trying to reassure by dismissing concerns
- giving advice
nontherapeutic techniques can?
hinder relationships
have poor outcomes
discourages communication
whistleblowing
an act when a person formally reports on illegal, wrongdoing, or unethical practice
chain of command
an organizational hierarchy identifying the lines of authority within an organization
novice to expert
1 - the novice
2 - advanced beginner
3 - competence
4 - proficient
5 - expert
transactional leader
establish standards, highlight obligations, concentrate on monitoring behaviors, and use rewards or punishments on how tasks are completed
transformational leader
establish a common mission and vision and, in turn, encourage employees to heighten their level of performance
Laissez-Faire leader
hands-off leader that oversees and encourages their team to work independently, providing little direct control over decision making
bureaucratic leader
a “by-the-book” leader who relies heavily on consistency and adherence to rules within a top-down decision-making organization
situational leader
transition or move from one leadership style to another depending on the circumstances
the code of ethics
- Refers to the ideals, duties, and obligations that nurses are expected to
uphold as members of the nursing profession. - Developed by the ANA, this document outlines rules for nurses about client
privacy, nursing conduct, and nursing behaviors to protect clients and the
profession.
professionalism
Embodies the actions, behaviors, and attitudes of an individual that are
reflective of the core values, ethical principles, and regulatory guidelines of the profession
- Clear Communicator
- Self-Reflective
- Responsible
- Respectful
- Advocate
- Trustworthy
unprofessional
Refers to conduct that does not adhere to the standards of practice or the
code of ethics.
* Misconduct is often cited as “conduct unbecoming of a nurse,” which
means to dishonor, disgrace, or harm the standing or reputation of the
profession in the eyes of the public.
incompetence
places the client in jeopardy of in harms way
impairment
unable or unfit to practice
the levels of communication
sender
receiver
message
feedback
channel
electronic health record
- Provides comprehensive records
of a person’s health history - Is a means of communication for
all health care providers involved in
a client’s care. - Accounts for every treatment,
diagnosis, and provider visit for
billing - All components of an EHR can be
used in a court of law
The joint commission
an independent, nonprofit organization that accredits healthcare organizations in more than nine different types of healthcare settings
types of documentation
- Source-oriented medical records
- Problem-oriented medical records
- Subjective, objective, assessment, and plan charting (SOAP notes)
- Problem–intervention–evaluation charting (PIE model)
- Focus charting
- Charting by exception (CBE)
source-oriented documentation
traditional format for documenting for all disciplines.
- divided into sections:
history and physical
progress notes
nurses’ notes
lab reports
diagnostics
problem-oriented medical records
- developing a database
- identifying and numbering specific problems based on history
- formulating a plan of action
- noting ongoing progress for each problem
SOAP
subjective
objective
assessment
plan
PIE
problem
intervention
evaluation
focus charting
centers on specific healthcare:
problems
changes in condition
client events
concerns
DAR- data, action, response
charting by exception
documents only unexpected or unusual findings
FACT
factual
accurate
complete
timely
