final exam Flashcards
social determinants of health
Social determinant of health defined - factors that impact health other than health services, including location, environment, genetics, income, relationships, and gender.
Neighborhood and built environment, health and healthcare, social and community context, education, economic stability, genetics
effects on social determinants and examples
Health care disparities affect -> the avoidable differences that result from cumulative social disadvantages, including ehealth outcomes, health care assets, coverage and quality of care between groups of people, etc.
Examples: lack of public transportation, access to healthcare, exposure to environmental hazards, social support network, etc.
Poverty and unemployment are factors of socioeconomic status but is a social determinant of health
palliative care
Services provided to clients to promote comfort while in the last stages of life. Services can be received during active treatment. A treatment approach that is focused on the management of symptoms of chronic or life-threatening illnesses while maintaining the highest level of quality of life possible for the client.
Palliative care has been shown to improve a client’s quality of life, reduce their time in the hospital, improve their satisfaction, and be given to those who are experiencing a severe medical illness and particularly those reaching the end of life.
primary prevention
Primary - focuses on the act of intervening before the negative health effects occur. Working to decrease the risk for development of medical conditions by changing behaviors or minimizing exposures.
examples of primary prevention
Vaccinations, changing risky behaviors such as tobacco use, banning harmful substances.
Teaching bicycle safety to school age children, discussing the prevention of sexually transmitted infections with a community group, distributing brochures about heart health at a center for older adults
secondary prevention
is done to reduce the impact of the disease or injury, and to limit the disability. Early screenings to detect a disease process before it progresses to cause symptoms or complications.
examples of secondary prevention
Blood pressure measurement to detect hypertension, blood cholesterol levels, cancer screening such as mammograms, Pap test, routine colonoscopies.
Scheduling a client for a screening for prostate cancer, checking all clients for depression at well client check ups
tertiary prevention
Tertiary - focuses on controlling the chronic effect of a health issue that has already occurred, and/pr restoring the individual to a level of optimal functioning.
examples of tertiary prevention
Self care, rehabilitation (OT and PT)
Implementing bladder retraining with a client who has a spinal cord injury, nutritional counseling for a client who has diabetes mellitus, leading a support group for clients who has post traumatic stress disorder
quaternary prevention
a focus on protecting clients from the excessive use of medical interventions that can cause more harm than good
what is a health record
a collection of health information and the data about an individual client’s health
components of a health record
Includes: patient demographics, medical history, current medications, allergies (if any), physical examination findings, diagnostics and their results, progress notes, treatment plans, discharge summaries, immunization data.
- Treatment notes, progress notes, discharge summaries, admission paperwork, documentation of treatment
the novice to expert stages of nursing
- Novice - a beginner with little or no experience
- Advanced beginner - can demonstrate basic skills but continues to need the support and guidance from a mentor
- Competent - individual can plan, make decisions, and perform job responsibly and efficiently
- Proficient - demonstrates advances decision making, knowledge, resourcefulness, flexibility, and problem solving
- Expert - role models deep knowledge and skills, teaches others, and multitasks effortlessly and fluently
aromatherapy
the act of breathing in a scent of a natural plant extract
lavender in aromatherapy
Lavender - inhalation of this and bergamot during radiation therapy as means to reduce anxiety; massaging lavender with tea tree oil is a sleep aid, inhalation of lavender and ginger in a 2:1 ratio can increase salivation
steps to evidence based practices
Identify a problem: ask a question
Search credible sources of evidence: look for factual information
Evaluate findings: review the information
Implement recommendations: change the interventions
Review their effectiveness: do the new interventions improve results?
Disseminating the results: share the findings with others
what is an incident report
This is a report that is a documentation of errors and the factors leading up to and including when an error occurs in the healthcare system
- Every system typically has a specific place for these and a specific way of doing them
the most acceptable two client identifiers
full name and date of birht
teach back method
Teach back is conducted by asking the client to repeat or demonstrate educational information back to you. This method allows the nurse to confirm that the client received the information correctly
Ex: teaching a client how to take their blood sugar. Then the nurse asked the client; can you tell me how you would take your blood sugar at home?
lecture teaching method
Lecture - allows the client to gain comprehension and knowledge
group instruction teaching method
Group instruction - involves teaching two or more clients who are obtaining the same learning material simultaneously
individual instruction teaching method
Individual instruction - occurs when the education session engages only the learning and the teacher and is the most common form of client education
Allows for active engagement of feelings, attitudes, perceptions, and values (affective)
question and answer method of teaching
Question and answer: allows teach-back, feedback, and evaluation
the steps of the teaching process
Assessment, analysis, planning, implementation, and evaluation
difference between ophthalmic and otic medication administration
Ophthalmic - the process of putting medication directly into the eye to treat a variety of eye conditions
after applying medication apply pressure on the nasolacrimal duct
Otic - the process of putting medication directly into the ear to treat a variety of conditions
- Make sure it is at room temp, make sure to shake well before use, make sure to irrigate the ear if dirty or blocked
pharmacodynamics
the study of how a drug works, its relationship to the drug concentrations, and how the body responds.
trough blood level
Trough blood level - the lowest level of the drug when in the human’s body
etic knowledge
an outsider’s viewpoint of a culture
emic knowledge
a cultural insider’s viewpoint of a culture
inclusion
An environment that embraces individual differences to allow individuals to bring their whole selves and identities to display their full capacity
normal grief
Normal grief - also known as uncomplicated grief; caused by the death of a loved one or the ending of a relationship
anticipatory grief
Anticipatory grief - grief that is experienced before the loss of someone or something
prolonged grief disorder
Prolonged grief disorder (PGD) - previously known as complicated grief; experienced by clients who are unable to accept the death of a loved one
disenfranchised grief
Disenfranchised grief - grief related to a relationship that does not coincide with what is considered by society to be recognized or justified as a loss
- Ex: Death of a pet, miscarriage
NURSE mnemonic
Name: identify what the client just stated, or the emotion expressed by the client
Understand: demonstrate understanding by recognizing the client’s feelings and providing an opportunity for the client to discuss their feelings
Respect: voice your respect for the client under these circumstances
Support: inform the client that you are available for him or her
Explore: ask open-ended questions to extend the conversation and provide a more detailed expression of the client’s feelings and beliefs
general adaptive syndrome alarm stage
1st stage
Alarm – when the central nervous system becomes aroused, and the body defense mechanisms are mobilized. Then hormones are released, and the body goes into fight of flight mode
general adaptive syndrome resistance stage
2nd stage
Resistance - the body resists and seeks to counter the stress. The parasympathetic nervous system attempts to return bodily functions back to a state of homeostasis. The body remains on alert while hormonal and other bodily functions return to normal and as the body repairs any damage caused by the threat.
general adaptive syndrome exhaustion stage
3rd and final stage
Exhaustion - the body can no longer defend itself against the stressor. In this stage, when the body’s capacity to withstand or adapt to the stressor becomes depleted and the individual’s resources are exhausted, prolonged exposure to stress may result in illness or disease.
acute stress
Acute - the most common and frequent type of stress. Usually brief and can be positive or negative. It causes an immediate reaction and triggers the fight or flight response
chronic stress
Chronic - a disabling condition that occurs when stress levels are heightened, constant, and prolonged.
physiological stressors
Generally associated with injury or illness, such as things like exposure to extreme temperatures, trauma, injury, illness, or pain.
- The body’s reaction is immediate and is necessary for survival.
acute stress disorder
Acute stress disorder - an intense and dysfunctional reaction to a traumatic event that lasts less than a month
- Ex: death of a loved one, threat of serious injury to themselves or others, exposure to war or other acts of violence.
posttraumatic stress disorder
Posttraumatic stress disorder - A prolonged and heightened stress reaction to a traumatic event that lasts more than a month. Typically follows a traumatic event such as an accident, sexual abuse, or a naturally occurring disaster
