Exam 4 Flashcards
the types of grief
normal
anticipatory
prolonged grief disorder
disenfranchised
normal grief
uncomplicated grief; which is caused by the death of a loved one or the ending of a relationship
anticipatory grief
○ Anticipatory grief – grief experienced before the loss of someone or something
prolonged grief disorder
○ Prolonged grief disorder (PGD) – previously known as complicated grief, is experienced by clients who are unable to accept the death of a loved one
disenfranchised grief
○ Disenfranchised grief – grief that is related to a relationship that does not coincide with what is considered by society to be a recognized or justified loss
the Kubler-Ross stages of grief
○ Denial – when the client refuses to believe reality. The first stage is an attempt to lessen the pain of the loss.
○ Anger – the second stage when the client is trying to adjust to the loss and is feeling severe emotional distress.
○ Bargaining – the third stage when a client will try to use a different approach to attempt to relieve or minimize the pain felt from the loss
○ Depression – the fourth stage where reality starts to set in, and the loss is deeply felt
○ Acceptance – the last stage in which the person still feels the pain but realizes eventually all will be well
dual process model of grief
○ This suggests that the process of grieving oscillates (shifts back and forth) between two types of responses loss-oriented and restoration grief
loss orientation of the dual process model of grief
■ During the loss-oriented process, grief is conveyed through intense thoughts and feelings. The person feels sad, longs for the person who has died, feels sad about how the person died, and believes it is unfair that the person will not be part of the griever’s future.
restoration grief of the dual process model of grief
■ The restoration grief process involves coping with other losses that come with the death of a loved one (secondary losses) and rebuilding one’s life without the loved one. The loss of a loved one brings about not only feelings of grief, but also changes that are a result of the loss. The restoration process is a time of thinking about the future, filled with new tasks and obligations.
N in the NURSE mnemonic
“This is overpowering.” Identify what the person stated a moment ago. The nurse is identifying the emotion expressed by the client.
U in the NURSE mnemonic
“There is a lot happening right now. What can I do to assist you?” The nurse demonstrates understanding by recognizing the client’s feelings and providing an opportunity for the client to discuss those feelings.
R in the NURSE mnemonic
“I’m very impressed with your ability to manage everything.” Voice your respect for the client under these circumstances.
S in the NURSE mnemonic
“I’m here all day for you.” Inform the client that you are available to them.
E in the NURSE mnemonic
“What is the most difficult aspect?” Asking an open-ended question will extend the conversation and provide a more detailed expression of the client’s feelings and beliefs.
physical signs of fight of flight response
○ Increased heart rate, rapid breathing, dilated pupils, tense muscles, increased blood flow to the area, sweating, dry mouth, shaking or trembling, increased blood pressure, release of stress hormones, gastrointestinal distress, heightened senses, dizziness, lightheadedness, cold or clammy hands.
fight or flight mode
○ When a situation is determined to be stressful, the hypothalamus secretes corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) which activates the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine also known as the “fight or flight” response which causes an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac output, dilation of bronchial airways, pupil dilation, and an increase in blood glucose levels.
the three stages of general adaptive syndrome
alarm
resistance
exhaustion
the three stages of general adaptive syndrome explained
○ Alarm – when the central nervous system becomes aroused, and the body defense mechanisms are mobilized. Then hormones are released, and the body goes into fight of flight mode
○ Resistance - the body resists and seeks to counter the stress. The parasympathetic nervous system attempts to return bodily functions back to a state of homeostasis. The body remains on alert while hormonal and other bodily functions return to normal and as the body repairs any damage caused by the threat.
○ Exhaustion - the body can no longer defend itself against the stressor. In this stage, when the body’s capacity to withstand or adapt to the stressor becomes depleted and the individual’s resources are exhausted, prolonged exposure to stress may result in illness or disease.
acute stress
○ Acute stress – the most common type of stress. It is usually brief, and triggers the fight or flight response
episodic acute stress
○ Episodic acute stress – characterized by frequent bouts of acute stress, usually associated with taking on too much responsibility
chronic stress
○ Chronic stress – occurs when stress is heightened, constant, and prolonged. The continuous activation of the nervous system can cause or exacerbate health problems
ego defense mechanism
Defense mechanisms are psychological strategies that help individuals separate from and put distance between themselves and unpleasant events, feelings, or thoughts. Common ego defense mechanisms include denial, rationalization, projection, repression, regression, and compartmentalization.
physiological stressor
factors or conditions that cause a strain or challenge to the body’s normal functioning, triggering a stress response.
