human growth and development Flashcards
what are the cognitive, psychosocial, and moral development across the life
cognitive - learning, thinking, memory, language, reasoning, creativity
psychosocial - emotions, personality, social relationship
moral development - how people think of the rights and wrongs in life
what is the physiological development for the life stages
the physical growth and maturation of an individual throughout all of life’s stages
what is the role of the nurse in health alterations in growth and development across life
being able to identify issues, assess the client, manage health alterations in all aspects of life, and all the types of development through life stages.
Drag the characteristics in the left column to match the correct level of Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development in the right column.
preconventional reasoning - control by rewards and punishments
conventional reasoning - conformity with law and order
postconventional reasoning - personal moral code
A nurse is planning an educational session about human growth and development for a group of clients who are pregnant. Which of the following universal principles should the nurse include in the discussion?
Cephalocaudal principle
Simple to complex
Continuous process
Individualized rates
A nurse is providing discharge teaching to parents of a preschooler who was admitted due to a severe asthma exacerbation. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include?
Instruct on the use of a metered-dose inhaler (MDI).
Have family members smoke tobacco products outside of the house.
Make changes in the home environment to reduce dust mites.
Share the plan for managing an asthma attack with the child’s preschool teachers.
A school nurse asks a first grader about rules at school. The child responds, “We need to wash our hands before lunch, be respectful to the teacher, and pay attention in class. If we don’t, we’ll get into big trouble.” The nurse should recognize that the child is in which of the following of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?
punishment and obedience
A nurse is providing an educational session on cognitive development at a community event. Which of the following statements by the nurse are consistent with Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?
“Individuals acquire knowledge, intellect, and cognition over time.”
“Intelligence is a natural ability that develops as a child grows and adapts to their environment.”
“Children construct knowledge that evolves and changes over time.”
“Children construct knowledge in new ways at critical points during development.”
A nurse is caring for a 10-year-old child who is newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. Which of the following actions by the child should the nurse recognize as characteristic of Erikson’s stage of industry versus inferiority?
express confidence in self administering insulin
A nurse is planning a health class at a local middle school about puberty during adolescence. Which of the following pieces of information should the nurse include in the discussion?
Primary sex organs mature during puberty.
Puberty begins with a growth spurt in height and weight.
Onset of puberty is influenced by genetics, environment factors, and gender.
Secondary sex characteristics emerge during puberty.
A nurse is providing prenatal education to a client who is in the first trimester of pregnancy. Which of the following teratogens should the nurse instruct the client to avoid during pregnancy due to the risk to fetal development?
anything that can cause harm
alcohol
rubella
smoking
uncontrolled glucose levels
A nurse is discussing climacteric changes that occur during middle adulthood with a newly licensed nurse. Which of the following statements by the newly licensed nurse indicates an understanding of the concept?
“Both males and females experience a change of life referred to as climacteric.”
“Climacteric in females is referred to as menopause.”
“Climacteric changes in males occur gradually, over a number of years.”
“Climacteric in females can manifest as heart palpitations.”
During a wellness visit for a 4-year-old preschooler, a parent explains that their child enjoys playing games on a computer and asks the nurse about an acceptable amount of screen time for their child. Which of the following responses should the nurse make?
an acceptable amount is 1 hour a day
A nurse is caring for adolescents in a school-based health clinic. Which of the following client statements should the nurse recognize as an indication that the client is experiencing Erikson’s stage of identity versus role confusion?
I think I might be gay
I think I may be bi
A nurse is assessing an adolescent who reports feeling “very depressed.” The nurse should recognize that which of the following are signs of increased risk for suicide?
Expressing feelings of gloom and helplessness
Expressing loss of interest in activities once considered important
Making threats of self-harm
Having access to weapons
A nurse is planning discharge teaching for a client who is newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Which of the following topics should the nurse include in the teaching?
Weight management
Glucose testing
Daily exercise
Foot care
A nurse is preparing an educational session about school-age children to a group of caregivers. Which of the following characteristics should the nurse include in the teaching?
Egocentrism decreases
Begins to understand reversibility
Understands events can be interpreted in different ways
A home health nurse is planning care for an older adult client who has hypertension and is living alone. Which of the following health promotion topics should the nurse include in the client’s plan of care?
Maintaining functional capacity
Encouraging the use of free-weight exercises
Participating in social functions
Installing grab bars in the shower
A nurse is caring for a client during a prenatal visit. The client states, “Now that I’m pregnant, I drink wine with dinner. I’ve given up hard alcohol.”
“Avoiding alcohol, even wine, is advised during pregnancy since it can cause harm to your baby.”
human development - defined
- A Lifelong process of physical,
behavioral, cognitive, and
emotional growth and change
human development - conception -> prenatal
- Human development begins with
conception which marks the
beginning of prenatal development. - Prenatal development is followed
by newborn, infancy, childhood,
adolescence, adulthood, and late
adulthood stages.
stages of development
- Each stage of development
between conception and late
adulthood is characterized by
unique physical, cognitive, and
emotional changes that define
each stage.
cephalocaudal principle
- Human development follows a
head-to-toe progression. - For example: Infants gain control
over their neck and head before
extremities
proximodistal principle
- Human development progresses
from the center of the body in an
outward direction. - For example, the spine develops
first, followed by extremities, then
fingers and toes
the simple to complex principle
Human development evolves in an
orderly fashion from simple to
complex.
* For example, infants accomplish head
control before being able to crawl.
language development in simple to complex
- Language development:
- Random sounds – goo goo, baba,
dada - Recognizable words – mama, dad,
bottle, - Eventually become fluent enough
to play with language
- Random sounds – goo goo, baba,
the continuous process principle
- Human development is a
continuous process characterized
by periods of growth spurts and
periods of slow and steady growth.
the general to specific principle
- Human development occurs from
large muscle movements to more
refined muscle movements. - Picking up a ball comes before
picking up small pieces of food
from a plate.
the individual rates principle
- Human development varies from
individual to individual. - Each person has their own growth
timetable and rate of development. - Two children of the same age may
develop at slightly different rates.
prenatal development
- Prenatal development from
conception to birth takes an
average of 38-40 weeks and is
divided into three periods:
the period of the zygote
Zygote - begins with conception
and lasts approximately 2 weeks.
the period of the embryo
Embryo – usually begins the third
week after conception and lasts
until the end of the eighth week.
the period of the fetus
begins at the ninth week and ends at birth
apgar scoring
- At one minute and five minutes after
birth, the newborn is assessed and
scored based on color, heart rate,
reflexes, muscle tone, and respiration. - Each trait is scored as 0, 1, or 2, then
added together to yield the overall
Apgar score. - The highest (best) possible score is
10, but a score of 7 or higher is
considered normal.
why might apgar scores vary
- Apgar scores may vary and are
influenced by gestational age, birth
weight, maternal medication or
anesthesia use, and congenital
anomalies.
toddlerhood
Toddlerhood generally spans 12 months to 36 months of age and is a time
of great physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development.
adolescence
- Between 12-20 years of age.
- Adolescence is a time of dramatic
physical, cognitive, and
psychosocial growth.
what does adolescence refer to
The term adolescence means to
“grow and mature”.
* Refers to the transitional period
between the onset of sexual
maturity and ending with the
cessation of growth and movement
toward emotional maturity.
young adulthood
- Young adults usually complete physical growth by age 20. All organs and
body systems are fully developed and mature by this age; however, brain
development continues until approximately age 25.
role transitions are the most likely use criteria to determine if someone has reached “adulthood” what are they?
- Leaving Home
- Completing Education
- Beginning Employment
- Establishing Financial Independence
- Establishing Intimate Relationships
climacteric
- Males and females experience a
change of life referred to as
climacteric. - Climacteric in females is referred
to as menopause which marks the
cessation of menses.
older adulthood
- Individuals over 65 comprise the
fastest-growing demographic in
the United States
late adulthood
health promotion strategies for individuals in late adulthood are focused on?
Maintaining and increasing functional
capacity
* Improving self-care
* Increasing the individual’s social
network
* promote longer independence and
overall quality of life.
growth and development theories - Sigmund Freud
psychosexual development:
Freudian theory suggests that the adult
personality is the result of moving
successfully from one psychosexual stage to
the next.
* Failure to resolve conflicts or being fixed in
any of the psychosexual stages results in
personality problems
growth and development theories: Erik Erickson
psychosocial development
* Eight stages of psychosocial development
* Each stage has a unique crisis that builds on
the tasks of the previous stage.
* Successfully resolving the crisis at each
stage leads to psychosocial growth and
development.
Frued
Oral
- Birth to 18 months Mouth, lips, tongue, wean from breast
Anal
- 18 months to 3 years Anus Elimination, toilet training
Phallic
- 3 to 6 years Genitalia Resolve Oedipus or
Electra complex
Latency
- 6 to 12 years None Development of defense mechanisms
Genital
- 12 years to adulthood Genitalia Reach sexual maturity
Piaget
Sensorimotor
- 0 to 2 years With increased mobility and awareness, infants explore the world through direct sensory and motor contact. Object
permanence and separation anxiety emerge.
Preoperational
- 2 to 7 years Children use symbols (words and images) to represent objects and learn to express themselves through language and symbolic gestures, but do not yet reason logically.
Concrete operational
- 7 to 12 years Children can think logically about concrete objects and can add and subtract. They understand the concepts of
reversibility and spatiality, and can classify, socialize, and apply rules.
Formal operational
- 12 years to adult Adolescents reason abstractly and think in hypothetical terms. They can test hypotheses and expand and refine their thinking and reasoning skills as they achieve cognitive maturity.
Kohlberg
Preconventional reasoning
- (4 to 10 years) Punishment and obedience,
Instrumental relativism, Rules obeyed to avoid punishment, Rules obeyed for personal gain
Conventional reasoning
- (10 to 13 years to adulthood) Good boy—nice girl. Rules obeyed for acceptance and
approval. Law and order Rules obeyed to maintain social order
Postconventional reasoning
- (adolescence to adulthood)
Social contract Rules challenged if they impinge on the rights of others.
Universal ethical principles. Individuals formulate and apply their own rules based on ethical principles
Erikson
infancy - trust versus mistrust
preschool - initiative versus guilt
school age - industry versus inferiority
adolescence - identity versus role confusion
young adulthood - intimacy versus isolation
middle adulthood - generativity versus stagnation
maturity - integrity versus despair
