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human physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is your food’s final destination?

A

Your cells.

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2
Q

What must the the food do before it gets to the cell?

A

It must break it down

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3
Q

What are the three phases of nutrition?

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Digestion
  3. Egestion
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4
Q

What is ingestion?

A

Getting the food into the body

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5
Q

What is digestion?

A

Breaking down food particles to the size of molecules

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6
Q

What is egestion?

A

getting rid of undigested food

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7
Q

What are the two types of digestion?

A
  1. mechanical

2. chemical

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8
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

non chemical breaking down of food
ex: chewing, muscular contractions in the stomach
teeth break food down tongue moves, manipulation.

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9
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

uses digestive enzymes to break down the food in ones stomach

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10
Q

What is enzymatic hydrolysis?

A

Enzymes and water are used to chemically digest food.

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11
Q

What is the chemical formula for the enzymatic hydrolysis?

A

food+zH20—enzyme—> food fragments

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12
Q

What is intracellular digestion?

A

takes place inside the cell
ex: Ameba digestion food in its food vacuole or when
the lysosomes merge with food to digest them

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13
Q

What is extra cellular digestion?

A

food digested outside the cell

ex: our food is digested in the small intestine

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14
Q

The location of the digestion occurring is either….

A

extracellular or intracellular.

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15
Q

How does food travel to you?

A

the tongue pushes down the food down the pharynx and to the esophagus

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16
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

a wave of muscular contractions

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17
Q

What is the peristalsis’ work in the esophagus?

A

The muscles contract above the bolus and and relax once the bolus pushed down. This happens again and again.

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18
Q

What is reverse peristalsis?

A

vomit

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19
Q

What is the stomach?

A

large muscular pouch

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20
Q

What is inside the stomach?

A

100s of gastric glands, which produce gastric juice

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21
Q

What is gastric juice?

A

hydrochloric acid and mucus.

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22
Q

What is a gastric ulcer?

A

caused by too much HCL

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23
Q

What happens after you throw up?

A

your esophagus burns because the HCL comes up with the food and there is not enough mucus to protect them

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24
Q

What is hunger?

A

The part of the brain interacting with the amount of sugar in your body.

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25
Q

How is hunger controlled?

A

It is controlled by your brain.

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26
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

The part of the brain that controls hunger

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27
Q

What is sassation?

A

The high levels of glucose that stimulate the brain, and you feel “full”.

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28
Q

What happens when you have low levels of glucose?

A

you feel hungry

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29
Q

What is the salivary duct?

A

a tube that carries the saliva from the gland to your mouth

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30
Q

What is oral digestion?

A

It is mechanical, and when you use your teeth to choose your food

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31
Q

What is saliva made of?

A

Mucin and amylase.

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32
Q

What are the salary glands?

A

secrete saliva: contains digestive enzymes for carbohydrates

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33
Q

What is pepsin?

A

an enzyme made by the stomach that breaks down proteins.

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34
Q

How does a protein break down?

A

protein–> peptide chains—> amino acids

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35
Q

What does mucin do?

A

lubricates the food. Ex: covers food before you swallow it, and as a result making it easier to swallow

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36
Q

What is amylase?

A

gastric enzymes used to digest carbs and starch (long chain of glucose) breaks polysaccharides into disaccharides in the mouth.

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37
Q

What are the chemicals in the small intestines?

A
  1. peptidase

2. disacchardase

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38
Q

What is the chemical formula for disacchardase?

A

disacchardase+ H20—disacchardase–> monosaccharides

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39
Q

What are the two parts to the small intestine?

A
  1. capillary

2. villi

40
Q

What is the liver?

A

largest structure in body- processes and filters blood

bile is produced in the liver

41
Q

What is the gall bladder?

A

sack that stores the bile to be secreted to the duodenum

42
Q

What is bile?

A

greenish brown fluid for the digestion of fats

43
Q

What are bile salts?

A

help lipase digest fats and increase the surface area of the lipids and fats.

44
Q

What can lipase digest?

A

lipase can only get to the outer layers of fat, so it helps when salts increase the surface area of the fat

45
Q

What do Red blood cells do?

A

transports oxygen throughout the body,

46
Q

What does the Pancreas do?

A

produces pancreatic juices and digestive enzymes
sends insulin into the blood
regulates blood sugar and metabolism

47
Q

What chemicals are in the pancreas?

A
  1. Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
  2. amylase (has more time)
  3. Lipase
  4. trypsin
  5. Peptidase
  6. nuclease
48
Q

What does sodium bicarbonate do?

A

It neutralized the ph from 2—->8

49
Q

What is the chemical formula for sodium bicarbonate?

A

NaHCO3

50
Q

What is the chemical formula for amylase breaking food down in the mouth?

A

polysaccharides+H20 —amylase—> disaccarides

51
Q

What is lipase?

A

an enzyme that digests fat

52
Q

What is the chemical formula for fat?

A

Fat—-> 3 fatty acids +Glycerol

53
Q

What is the chemical formula for when fat interacts with lipase?

A

fat+H20—lipase—>3 fatty acids+glycerol

54
Q

What does trypsin do?

A

trypsin break down proteins (like pepsin) in the small intestine

55
Q

What is the ph level that trypsin and lipase works at?

A

8

56
Q

What is the chemical formula for peptidase?

A

peptide chain+H20—-peptidase—>amino acids

57
Q

What is the chemical formula for nuclease?

A

nucleic acid+h20—nuclease–> nucleotide

58
Q

What is the chemical formula to break proteins into peptide chains?

A

proteins+h20—pepsin—> peptide chains

59
Q

What do the components of food do for your body?

A

Give you energy and are useful as building blocks for the body.

60
Q

Why does the hunger-sassation method not work a 100% on humans?

A

our hunger is psychological.

61
Q

What are the phases of digestion?

A

Oral digestion
Gastric digestion
intestinal digestion

62
Q

What is the salivary gland?

A

where the saliva is made

63
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

passageway where peristalsis pushes food to the stomach.

64
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

passageway where food is swallowed

65
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

reabsorbs water and salts to form feces (meets small intestine @ 90 degree angle).

66
Q

What is the rectum?

A

temporarily stores and regulates elimination of feces

67
Q

What is the small intestine?

A

mixes with chyme and digestive enzymes for final breakdown; absorbs nutrients molecules into the body; secretes digestive hormones into blood.

68
Q

What is a bolus?

A

Food down the throat.

69
Q

What does chewing start the process off?

A

Oral digestion

70
Q

How long it take to digest food?

A

3-4 hours.

71
Q

What is the mechanical digestion that takes place in the stomach?

A

Muscle contractions.

72
Q

What are sphincter muscles?

A

The muscles that control the passage of waste.

73
Q

What is the cardiac sphincter muscle?

A

The sphincter muscle behind the heart that opens into stomach.

74
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter muscle?

A

The sphincter muscle that opens into the duodenum of the small intestine from the stomach.

75
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

The part of the small intestine immediately from the stomach.

76
Q

What structure make up the phase of intestinal digestion?

A

Pancreas, Liver (gallbladder), Small intestine.

77
Q

What is the pH of the mouth?

A

About 7

78
Q

What is the pH of the stomach?

A

about 2

79
Q

What is the small intestine’s role?

A

Chemical digestion.

80
Q

What are the chemicals in the Small intestine?

A
  1. Peptidase

2. Disaccharidase.

81
Q

What is the formula for trypsin?

A

proteins+h20—trypsin—> peptide chains

82
Q

What is the formula for disaccharidase?

A

disaccharides+h20—disaccharidase—> monosaccharides

83
Q

How are nutrients absorbed into the body?

A

Through blood stream.

84
Q

why are the the folds in the SI there?

A

to make it easier for the nutrients to get through.

85
Q

What do bile pigments do?

A

Color blood red.

86
Q

What is the caecum?

A

A habitat for good bacteria.

87
Q

What is constipation?

A

When too much water is reabsorbed into the bloodstream by the liver.

88
Q

What is diarrhea?

A

When too little water is reabsorbed into the bloodstream by the liver.

89
Q

How are good bacteria useful?

A

They eat off your waste and secret vitamins

90
Q

What is the anus?

A

The sphincter muscles control the opening and closing

91
Q

What is feces?

A

Waste from the body.

92
Q

What is defecation?

A

Getting waste out.

93
Q

What pH does pepsin work at?

A

It can work at a PH 1.5-2.5.

94
Q

How long do red blood cells live?

A

live for 180 days constantly making new ones,

95
Q

How do the red blood cells die?

A

old ones die by liver

Science (21 decks)

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