Cells Flashcards
What is a cell?
Cells are the basic units of life.
Who discovered the cell?
Robert Hooke
In what was the first cell discovered?
Cork
What kind of cells were discovered in the cork?
Plant cells
Who were the scientists that contributed to the first two parts of the cell theory?
Schleiden and Shwann
Was Schleiden a botonist or a zoologist?
Schleiden was a botonist.
Was Schwann a botonist or a zoologist?
Schwann was a zoologist.
How many parts are there to the cell theory?
3
What does the first part of the cell theory state?
All living things are made of cells.
What does the second part of the cell theory?
Cells are the basic unit of life.
Who contributed to the third part of the cell theory?
Louis Pasteur
What is the third part of the cell theory?
Life comes from life.
What is spontaneous regeneration?
The idea that non-living things can become living.
ie. rats moving from underneath a sack.
What is biogenesis?
Life can only come from life.
Why may the second part of the cell theory be disputed?
Virus’ are not made of cells, so if they are considered living then the second statement is wrong.
How many chemicals are in a cell?
6
What are the inorganic chemicals in a cell?
Water and minerals
What are the organic chemicals in a cell?
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids/ Nucleotides.
What is the most abundant chemical in a cell?
Water
How much water is in a plant cell compared to an animal cell?
About the same amount of water.
How many minerals are in a plant cell compared to an animal cell?
About the same amount of minerals.
How many carbs are in a plant cell compared to an animal cell?
Plant cells have more carbs than animal cells.
How many lipids are in a plant cell compared to an animal cell?
Plant cells have less lipids than animal cells.
How much protein is in a plant cell compared to an animal cell?
Plant cells have less protein than animal cells.
How many nucleic acids are in a plant cell compared to an animal cell?
About the same amount of nucleic acids.
What is the boundary of a cell?
The cell membrane
What is the medium of a cell?
H2O
What are the three systems of mixtures?
Solutions, Suspensions, and Colloids
What size are the particles in solutions?
Small
How small are the particles in a solution?
The particles are small enough to dissolve in the medium that they are in.
What is an example of a solution?
Salt water
What happens to the particles in a solution?
The particles do not sink.
What size are the particles in suspensions?
Large
How large are the particles in a suspension?
The particles are big enough to be affected by gravity.
What is an example of a suspension?
Sand in water
Is suspension common in your body?
No. Nothing sinks in your cells.
What size is a colloid?
Medium
What type of mixture is your cells?
Colloids
Do the particles inside a cell disolve or sink?
Neither.
What type of mixture is an organic compound?
Colloids
What is the scale of a solution to a suspension?
0.001-0.1 micrometer.
What is the size of a micrometer in comparison to a millimeter?
There 1000 micrometers in one millimeter.
What are the types of biological colloids?
Solid in liquids and liquids in liquid.
What is an example of a solid in liquid?
Salt water.
What is an example of liquid in liquid?
Lipids in Liquids or homogenized milk.
What is the name of a liquid in liquid colloid?
An Emulsion colloid.
What is the sol-gel process?
The colloids going from sol to gel or gel to sol.
What is a gel?
A semi-solid state of a colloid.
What is a sol?
liquid-like state of a colloid.
What is an example of a sol-gel transformation?
Cream to butter and melted butter.
When a colloid is turning into a sol, what happens to the particles and medium?
The medium comes in while the the particles are sent out.
When a colloid is turning into a gel, what happens to the medium and the particles?
The medium is sent out while the particles are sent in.
What impacts sol-gel change?
pH and temperature
What are the different types of movements?
Brownian motion, diffusion, and osmosis.
What is Brownian Motion?
When particles are vibrating. Random movement.
What is diffusion?
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until an equilibrium is reached.
What is osmosis?
The movement of water through a semipermeable membrane until equilibrium is reached.
What does permeable mean?
Any molecule can travel through
What does impermeable mean?
Nothing passes through.
What does semipermeable mean?
Only selective molecules are let through.
What kind of permeability does a membrane have?
semi permeable.
What does hypertonic mean?
the side of a membrane with the higher concentration of particles
What does hypotonic mean?
The side of the membrane with the lower concentration of particles.
What does isotonic mean?
When equilibrium is reached.
How does the water move?
Water moves from hypotonic to hypertonic.
If a cell has 10x of particles with a surrounding of 4x, is the cell hypotonic or hypertonic?
Hypertonic.
How do particles enter through a semipermeable membrane?
Through pores
What is turgor?
The extreme swelling of a cell due to a large intake of water.
What cannot plants explode from cytosis?
Becuase of the cell wall.
What is cytolysis?
When there is too much turgor in animals.
What happens when cytolysis occurs?
The cell explodes/
Which type of cell does cytolysis occur in?
Animal cells.
When is turgor needed?
In plants cells so they can stay hydrated. will die without turgor.
What is plasmolysis?
The extreme shrinking of a cell due to a large outake of water.
What happens to cells when plasmolysis occurs?
The cells will die.
What does Mm mean?
micrometer
What is the size of cell?
5-15 Mm
What the three main parts of a cell?
Nucleus, Cytoplasm, cell surface
What is the function of the nucleus?
Control center of the cell.
What are the parts of a nucleus?
Nuclear membrane, nucleoplasm, chromosomes, and nucleolus.
What is the function of the nuclear membrane?
Holds nucleus together.
What are membranes made of?
Proteins amd lipids.
What kind of permeability do membranes have?
Semi-permeable.
What is the function of all membranes?
Traffic control.
What is the nucleoplasm?
The medium of the nucleus.
What is the nucleoplasm made of?
salt, water, etc.
What are chromosomes?
Genetic Material.
What are chromosomes made of?
Proteins and DNA.
What is one strand of DNA and Protein called?
chromatin material
Why might chromatin material coil up?
When cells divide to make new cells, the material coils to safely move around without tangling.
What is the nucleolus?
Produces ribosomes and codes for RNA
Where is the nucleolus?
Attached to one of the chromosomes.
How are chemical reactions affected by the nucleus?
The genes in the nucleus code the enzymes and the enzymes control the chemical reactions.
What is cytoplasm made of?
Cytosol and organelles.
What are the organelles in the cytoplasm?
Mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body, plastids(plants), centrioles in centrisomes (animals), vacuoles, and lysosomes (animals).
What is mitochondria?
The powerhouse of the cell.
What is the function of mitochondria?
makes ATP
What major characteristic of life does the mitochondria contribute to?
respiration
How long is the inner membrane of mitochondria compared to the outer membrane?
The inner membrane is longer than the outer membran.
What are the folds of the inner membrane called?
The christae
What is the function of the christae?
More surface area means more efficiency.
What are ribosomes?
Factories for building proteins
What is the function of the ribosomes called?
Protein synthesis.
What is unique about ribosomes?
Ribosomes do not have membrane
What are ribosomes made of?
Proteins and RNA
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
Molecules travel in the cell (passage way)
What is the shape of the rough ER?
It is squashed, like an oval.
What is the difference between the smooth ER and the rough ER?
The rough ER has ribosomes attached to it, while the smooth ER does not.
What is the shape of the smooth ER?
Circular
What is the function of the Golgi Body?
Attaches mailing addresses to the molecules in the form of polysaccharides.
What is a golgi body?
The post office of the cell
What are the types of plastids?
Chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts.
What type of cell does a plastids appear in?
Plant cells
What is a chloroplast’s function?
for photosynthesis
Do all plant cells have chloroplasts?
no
What is the function of a chromoplast?
Any non- green pigment in a plant
What are the types of chromoplasts?
Carotenes and xanthophylls
What are carotenes?
red and orange pigments.
What are xanthophylls?
Brown and yellow pigments.
When do chromoplasts appear in the leaves?
The chromoplasts are always there, but do not show up underneath the chlorophyll.
Why do chromoplasts appear in cold weather?
Chlorophyll is destroyed in cold weather.
What are leucoplasts?
White plastids that store startch. No pigment.
What function do centrioles in centrisomes have?
play a role in mitosis/
What type of cell are centrioles in?
animals
What is the function of vacuoles?
To store water, food, etc.
How many membranes do vacuoles have?
one
Which type of cell are lysosomes in?
Animals
What do lysosomes do?
They hold digestive enzymes and digest foreign invaders.
What is cyclosis?
The streaming movement of the cytoplasm.
What are the four parts of a cell surface?
Cell membrane, cell wall, cuticles, and cilia and flagella.
What is the cell wall made of?
cellulose.
What is the purpose of a cell wall?
for plant structure
What type of permeability do cell walls have?
permeable
What type of permeability do cuticles have?
impermeable
Do cuticles surround the cell?
no, or else cells will not get water.
What are plant cuticles made of?
wax
What are exoskeletons made of?
chitin
Are cillia and flagella necessary?
No, they are optional.
What is the purpose of cillia and flagella?
Motion and Locomotion
What is locomotion?
When the cell is propelled in liquid.
What is motion?
When the beating of the cillia or flagella moves the air and and water around it.
How many flagellum are normally on a cell?
1,2, or 4
What are the characteristics of flagella?
Long and few
How many cilia are normally on a cell?
100’s of thousands of cilia
What are the characteristics of cilia?
Short and many.
What is an example of cilia in motion?
A clam filtering food from the ocean.
What is an example of a flagellum in locomotion?
A sperm going to an egg.
