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Cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a cell?

A

Cells are the basic units of life.

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2
Q

Who discovered the cell?

A

Robert Hooke

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3
Q

In what was the first cell discovered?

A

Cork

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4
Q

What kind of cells were discovered in the cork?

A

Plant cells

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5
Q

Who were the scientists that contributed to the first two parts of the cell theory?

A

Schleiden and Shwann

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6
Q

Was Schleiden a botonist or a zoologist?

A

Schleiden was a botonist.

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7
Q

Was Schwann a botonist or a zoologist?

A

Schwann was a zoologist.

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8
Q

How many parts are there to the cell theory?

A

3

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9
Q

What does the first part of the cell theory state?

A

All living things are made of cells.

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10
Q

What does the second part of the cell theory?

A

Cells are the basic unit of life.

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11
Q

Who contributed to the third part of the cell theory?

A

Louis Pasteur

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12
Q

What is the third part of the cell theory?

A

Life comes from life.

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13
Q

What is spontaneous regeneration?

A

The idea that non-living things can become living.

ie. rats moving from underneath a sack.

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14
Q

What is biogenesis?

A

Life can only come from life.

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15
Q

Why may the second part of the cell theory be disputed?

A

Virus’ are not made of cells, so if they are considered living then the second statement is wrong.

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16
Q

How many chemicals are in a cell?

A

6

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17
Q

What are the inorganic chemicals in a cell?

A

Water and minerals

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18
Q

What are the organic chemicals in a cell?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids/ Nucleotides.

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19
Q

What is the most abundant chemical in a cell?

A

Water

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20
Q

How much water is in a plant cell compared to an animal cell?

A

About the same amount of water.

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21
Q

How many minerals are in a plant cell compared to an animal cell?

A

About the same amount of minerals.

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22
Q

How many carbs are in a plant cell compared to an animal cell?

A

Plant cells have more carbs than animal cells.

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23
Q

How many lipids are in a plant cell compared to an animal cell?

A

Plant cells have less lipids than animal cells.

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24
Q

How much protein is in a plant cell compared to an animal cell?

A

Plant cells have less protein than animal cells.

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25
Q

How many nucleic acids are in a plant cell compared to an animal cell?

A

About the same amount of nucleic acids.

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26
Q

What is the boundary of a cell?

A

The cell membrane

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27
Q

What is the medium of a cell?

A

H2O

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28
Q

What are the three systems of mixtures?

A

Solutions, Suspensions, and Colloids

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29
Q

What size are the particles in solutions?

A

Small

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30
Q

How small are the particles in a solution?

A

The particles are small enough to dissolve in the medium that they are in.

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31
Q

What is an example of a solution?

A

Salt water

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32
Q

What happens to the particles in a solution?

A

The particles do not sink.

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33
Q

What size are the particles in suspensions?

A

Large

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34
Q

How large are the particles in a suspension?

A

The particles are big enough to be affected by gravity.

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35
Q

What is an example of a suspension?

A

Sand in water

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36
Q

Is suspension common in your body?

A

No. Nothing sinks in your cells.

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37
Q

What size is a colloid?

A

Medium

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38
Q

What type of mixture is your cells?

A

Colloids

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39
Q

Do the particles inside a cell disolve or sink?

A

Neither.

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40
Q

What type of mixture is an organic compound?

A

Colloids

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41
Q

What is the scale of a solution to a suspension?

A

0.001-0.1 micrometer.

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42
Q

What is the size of a micrometer in comparison to a millimeter?

A

There 1000 micrometers in one millimeter.

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43
Q

What are the types of biological colloids?

A

Solid in liquids and liquids in liquid.

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44
Q

What is an example of a solid in liquid?

A

Salt water.

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45
Q

What is an example of liquid in liquid?

A

Lipids in Liquids or homogenized milk.

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46
Q

What is the name of a liquid in liquid colloid?

A

An Emulsion colloid.

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47
Q

What is the sol-gel process?

A

The colloids going from sol to gel or gel to sol.

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48
Q

What is a gel?

A

A semi-solid state of a colloid.

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49
Q

What is a sol?

A

liquid-like state of a colloid.

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50
Q

What is an example of a sol-gel transformation?

A

Cream to butter and melted butter.

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51
Q

When a colloid is turning into a sol, what happens to the particles and medium?

A

The medium comes in while the the particles are sent out.

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52
Q

When a colloid is turning into a gel, what happens to the medium and the particles?

A

The medium is sent out while the particles are sent in.

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53
Q

What impacts sol-gel change?

A

pH and temperature

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54
Q

What are the different types of movements?

A

Brownian motion, diffusion, and osmosis.

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55
Q

What is Brownian Motion?

A

When particles are vibrating. Random movement.

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56
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until an equilibrium is reached.

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57
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water through a semipermeable membrane until equilibrium is reached.

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58
Q

What does permeable mean?

A

Any molecule can travel through

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59
Q

What does impermeable mean?

A

Nothing passes through.

60
Q

What does semipermeable mean?

A

Only selective molecules are let through.

61
Q

What kind of permeability does a membrane have?

A

semi permeable.

62
Q

What does hypertonic mean?

A

the side of a membrane with the higher concentration of particles

63
Q

What does hypotonic mean?

A

The side of the membrane with the lower concentration of particles.

64
Q

What does isotonic mean?

A

When equilibrium is reached.

65
Q

How does the water move?

A

Water moves from hypotonic to hypertonic.

66
Q

If a cell has 10x of particles with a surrounding of 4x, is the cell hypotonic or hypertonic?

A

Hypertonic.

67
Q

How do particles enter through a semipermeable membrane?

A

Through pores

68
Q

What is turgor?

A

The extreme swelling of a cell due to a large intake of water.

69
Q

What cannot plants explode from cytosis?

A

Becuase of the cell wall.

70
Q

What is cytolysis?

A

When there is too much turgor in animals.

71
Q

What happens when cytolysis occurs?

A

The cell explodes/

72
Q

Which type of cell does cytolysis occur in?

A

Animal cells.

73
Q

When is turgor needed?

A

In plants cells so they can stay hydrated. will die without turgor.

74
Q

What is plasmolysis?

A

The extreme shrinking of a cell due to a large outake of water.

75
Q

What happens to cells when plasmolysis occurs?

A

The cells will die.

76
Q

What does Mm mean?

A

micrometer

77
Q

What is the size of cell?

A

5-15 Mm

78
Q

What the three main parts of a cell?

A

Nucleus, Cytoplasm, cell surface

79
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Control center of the cell.

80
Q

What are the parts of a nucleus?

A

Nuclear membrane, nucleoplasm, chromosomes, and nucleolus.

81
Q

What is the function of the nuclear membrane?

A

Holds nucleus together.

82
Q

What are membranes made of?

A

Proteins amd lipids.

83
Q

What kind of permeability do membranes have?

A

Semi-permeable.

84
Q

What is the function of all membranes?

A

Traffic control.

85
Q

What is the nucleoplasm?

A

The medium of the nucleus.

86
Q

What is the nucleoplasm made of?

A

salt, water, etc.

87
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Genetic Material.

88
Q

What are chromosomes made of?

A

Proteins and DNA.

89
Q

What is one strand of DNA and Protein called?

A

chromatin material

90
Q

Why might chromatin material coil up?

A

When cells divide to make new cells, the material coils to safely move around without tangling.

91
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Produces ribosomes and codes for RNA

92
Q

Where is the nucleolus?

A

Attached to one of the chromosomes.

93
Q

How are chemical reactions affected by the nucleus?

A

The genes in the nucleus code the enzymes and the enzymes control the chemical reactions.

94
Q

What is cytoplasm made of?

A

Cytosol and organelles.

95
Q

What are the organelles in the cytoplasm?

A

Mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body, plastids(plants), centrioles in centrisomes (animals), vacuoles, and lysosomes (animals).

96
Q

What is mitochondria?

A

The powerhouse of the cell.

97
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

makes ATP

98
Q

What major characteristic of life does the mitochondria contribute to?

A

respiration

99
Q

How long is the inner membrane of mitochondria compared to the outer membrane?

A

The inner membrane is longer than the outer membran.

100
Q

What are the folds of the inner membrane called?

A

The christae

101
Q

What is the function of the christae?

A

More surface area means more efficiency.

102
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Factories for building proteins

103
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes called?

A

Protein synthesis.

104
Q

What is unique about ribosomes?

A

Ribosomes do not have membrane

105
Q

What are ribosomes made of?

A

Proteins and RNA

106
Q

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Molecules travel in the cell (passage way)

107
Q

What is the shape of the rough ER?

A

It is squashed, like an oval.

108
Q

What is the difference between the smooth ER and the rough ER?

A

The rough ER has ribosomes attached to it, while the smooth ER does not.

109
Q

What is the shape of the smooth ER?

A

Circular

110
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Body?

A

Attaches mailing addresses to the molecules in the form of polysaccharides.

111
Q

What is a golgi body?

A

The post office of the cell

112
Q

What are the types of plastids?

A

Chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts.

113
Q

What type of cell does a plastids appear in?

A

Plant cells

114
Q

What is a chloroplast’s function?

A

for photosynthesis

115
Q

Do all plant cells have chloroplasts?

A

no

116
Q

What is the function of a chromoplast?

A

Any non- green pigment in a plant

117
Q

What are the types of chromoplasts?

A

Carotenes and xanthophylls

118
Q

What are carotenes?

A

red and orange pigments.

119
Q

What are xanthophylls?

A

Brown and yellow pigments.

120
Q

When do chromoplasts appear in the leaves?

A

The chromoplasts are always there, but do not show up underneath the chlorophyll.

121
Q

Why do chromoplasts appear in cold weather?

A

Chlorophyll is destroyed in cold weather.

122
Q

What are leucoplasts?

A

White plastids that store startch. No pigment.

123
Q

What function do centrioles in centrisomes have?

A

play a role in mitosis/

124
Q

What type of cell are centrioles in?

A

animals

125
Q

What is the function of vacuoles?

A

To store water, food, etc.

126
Q

How many membranes do vacuoles have?

A

one

127
Q

Which type of cell are lysosomes in?

A

Animals

128
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

They hold digestive enzymes and digest foreign invaders.

129
Q

What is cyclosis?

A

The streaming movement of the cytoplasm.

130
Q

What are the four parts of a cell surface?

A

Cell membrane, cell wall, cuticles, and cilia and flagella.

131
Q

What is the cell wall made of?

A

cellulose.

132
Q

What is the purpose of a cell wall?

A

for plant structure

133
Q

What type of permeability do cell walls have?

A

permeable

134
Q

What type of permeability do cuticles have?

A

impermeable

135
Q

Do cuticles surround the cell?

A

no, or else cells will not get water.

136
Q

What are plant cuticles made of?

A

wax

137
Q

What are exoskeletons made of?

A

chitin

138
Q

Are cillia and flagella necessary?

A

No, they are optional.

139
Q

What is the purpose of cillia and flagella?

A

Motion and Locomotion

140
Q

What is locomotion?

A

When the cell is propelled in liquid.

141
Q

What is motion?

A

When the beating of the cillia or flagella moves the air and and water around it.

142
Q

How many flagellum are normally on a cell?

A

1,2, or 4

143
Q

What are the characteristics of flagella?

A

Long and few

144
Q

How many cilia are normally on a cell?

A

100’s of thousands of cilia

145
Q

What are the characteristics of cilia?

A

Short and many.

146
Q

What is an example of cilia in motion?

A

A clam filtering food from the ocean.

147
Q

What is an example of a flagellum in locomotion?

A

A sperm going to an egg.

Science (21 decks)

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