Human Growth & Development #1

Question 1

List Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development in order:

Answer 1

1. Oral (Birth-1 Year)
2. Anal (Ages 1-3 Years)
3. Phallic (Ages 3-6 Years)
4. Latency (Ages 6-12)
5. Genital (Ages 12-Death)

Question 2

List Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development in order:

Answer 2

Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust
(Infancy: Birth-18 months)

Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
(Early Childhood: Ages 2-3 Years)

Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt
(Preschool: Ages 3-5 Years)

Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority
(School Age: Ages 6-11 Years)

Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence: Ages 12-18 Years)

Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation
(Young Adulthood: Ages 19-40 Years)

Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation
(Middle Adulthood: Ages 40-65 Years)

Stage 8: Ego Integrity vs. Despair
(Maturity: Age 65-Death)

Question 3

List Piaget’s Cognitive Stages of Development in order:

Answer 3

Stage 1: Sensorimotor Stage
(Birth-2 Years)

Stage 2: Preoperational Stage
(Ages 2-7)

Stage 3: Concrete Operational Stage
(Ages 7-11)

Stage 4: Formal Operational Stage
(Ages 12 and Up)

Question 4

Freud’s stages are psychosexual, while Erikson’s stages are _______________.

Answer 4

Psychosocial

Question 5

Ego psychologists, such as Erik Erikson, believe in _______________.

Answer 5

Man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior.

Question 6

The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire lifespan was _______________ _______________.

Answer 6

Erik Erikson

Question 7

In Freudian theory, the id is also called the _______________ principle, while the ego is also called the ________________ principle, and the superego is also called the _______________ principle or the _______________.

Answer 7

1. Pleasure principle (id)
2. Reality principle (ego)
3. Pleasure-pain principle or ego ideal (superego)

Question 8

Sigmund Freud created which psychological theory?

Answer 8

Psychoanalytic

Question 9

In Piaget’s theory, a child who has mastered the concept of conservation understands that ________________.

Answer 9

A substance’s weight, mass, and volume remain the same, even if the substance changes shape. (For instance when a tall, skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a short, squatty pitcher.)

Question 10

A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as _______________.

Answer 10

Concrete Operations
(Ages 7-11 Years)

Question 11

According to Freud, dreams are composed of a surface meaning referred to as ________________ and hidden meaning referred to as ________________.

Answer 11

• Manifest content (surface meaning)
• Latent content (hidden meaning)

Question 12

The three major components of personality postulated by Freud are the ________________, _______________ & ________________.

Answer 12

Id, ego, and superego

Question 13

The Piagetian concept of egocentrism occurs during the ________________ stage and conveys the fact that the child ________________.

Answer 13

• Preoperational Stage
• Cannot view the world from the vantage point of someone else.

Question 14

A child demonstrates egocentrism in the Piagetian stage known as _______________.

Answer 14

Preoperational Stage
(Ages 2-7)

Question 15

List the three primary levels of Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development in order:

Answer 15

Stage 1: Preconventional Morality
(Ages 0-9)

Stage 2: Conventional Morality
(Early adolescence-adulthood)

Stage 3: Postconventional Morality
(Some adults; rare)

Question 16

The term identity crisis, coined by Erik Erikson, describes _______________.

Answer 16

The propensity for adolescents to experiment with various roles in an attempt to find out who they really are.

Question 17

List Harry Stack Sullivan’s Interpersonal Stages of Development in order:

Answer 17

Stage 1: Infancy (Ages 0-2)
Stage 2: Childhood (Ages 2-6)
Stage 3: Juvenile Era (Ages 6-8 1/2)
Stage 4: Preadolescence (Ages 8 1/2-13)
Stage 5: Early Adolescence (Ages 13-15)
Stage 6: Late Adolescence (Ages 15-18)
Stage 7: Adulthood (Ages 18 on)

Question 18

Trust vs. Mistrust is the _______________ stage in Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development and focuses on _______________.

Answer 18

• First stage
• Developing faith in one’s environment and trusting future events or developing suspicion and fear of future events.

Question 19

The final or 8th stage of Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development is _________________ and focuses on _________________.

Answer 19

• Integrity vs. Despair
• Experiencing a sense of integrity, fulfillment, and willingness to face death or a sense of dissatisfaction with life and despair over the prospect of death.

Question 20

In Kohlberg’s first level of morality, called preconventional, an individual’s moral behavior is guided by _______________.

Answer 20

Consequences

Question 21

In Kohlberg’s second level of morality, called conventional, is characterized by _______________.

Answer 21

A desire to live up to societal expectations and conform.

Question 22

Kohlberg’s highest level of morality, postconventional, and describes an individual who has ________________.

Answer 22

Self-imposed morals and ethics.

Question 23

Lev Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development describes ________________.

Answer 23

The difference between a child’s performance without a teacher vs. that which he or she is capable of with an instructor.

Question 24

In Behaviorism, the maturation hypothesis, also known as the maturation theory, suggests ________________.

Answer 24

That behavior is guided exclusively by hereditary factors, but certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment and also require a certain level of neural developmental maturity.

Question 25

British psychiatrist John Bowlby is most closely associated with _______________ and ______________.

Answer 25

Bonding and attachment