Counseling & Helping Relationships #4 Flashcards
______________ _______________ involves withdrawal of an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur (e.g., a child cleans its room and it’s mother stops nagging or a woman takes aspirin and her headache ceases).
Negative reinforcement
______________ may temporarily suppress an undesirable behavior, but lowers the likelihood of the desirable behavior recurring in the long-term.
Punishment
Behavior modifiers value _______________ over punishment.
Reinforcement
In Pavlov’s famous experiment using dogs, the bell was the _______________ and the meat was the _______________.
- Conditioned stimulus (bell)
- Unconditioned stimulus (meat)
The most effective time interval between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is _____________.
0.5 seconds
When the unconditioned stimulus is placed before the conditioned stimulus, it is generally ineffective and referred to as ______________ _____________.
Backwards conditioning
In the typical classical conditioning process, sometimes also called _______________ _____________, the conditioned stimulus comes _______________ the unconditioned stimulus.
- Forward conditioning
- Before
In classical conditioning, ______________ _______________ occurs when a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus produces the same reaction.
Stimulus generalization (or second order conditioning)
In classical conditioning, _______________ _______________ occurs when the learning process is fine tuned to respond to only certain stimului and not those that are similar.
Stimulus discrimination (or stimulus discrimination)
_______________ is a mental health disorder that involves eating objects that are non-food, non-nutritive items (e.g., a pencil, dirt, paint chips).
Pica
In classical conditioning, when the differentiation process becomes too difficult because the stimuli are almost identical, the subject will demonstrate signs of emotional disturbance called ________________ ________________.
Experiential neurosis
________________ _______________ occurs when the conditioned stimulus is not reinforced via the unconditioned stimulus, resulting in suppression of the conditioned response.
Classical extinction
_______________ _______________ occurs when reinforcement is withheld, leading the target behavior to eventually be extinguished.
Operant extinction
The significance of the “Little Albert” case was that it demonstrated that _______________.
Fears are learned and not the result of an unconscious conflict.
In behaviorism, a _______________ is a sequence of behaviors in which one response renders a cue that the next response is to occur.
Chain