Counseling & Helping Relationships #4 Flashcards
______________ _______________ involves withdrawal of an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur (e.g., a child cleans its room and it’s mother stops nagging or a woman takes aspirin and her headache ceases).
Negative reinforcement
______________ may temporarily suppress an undesirable behavior, but lowers the likelihood of the desirable behavior recurring in the long-term.
Punishment
Behavior modifiers value _______________ over punishment.
Reinforcement
In Pavlov’s famous experiment using dogs, the bell was the _______________ and the meat was the _______________.
- Conditioned stimulus (bell)
- Unconditioned stimulus (meat)
The most effective time interval between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is _____________.
0.5 seconds
When the unconditioned stimulus is placed before the conditioned stimulus, it is generally ineffective and referred to as ______________ _____________.
Backwards conditioning
In the typical classical conditioning process, sometimes also called _______________ _____________, the conditioned stimulus comes _______________ the unconditioned stimulus.
- Forward conditioning
- Before
In classical conditioning, ______________ _______________ occurs when a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus produces the same reaction.
Stimulus generalization (or second order conditioning)
In classical conditioning, _______________ _______________ occurs when the learning process is fine tuned to respond to only certain stimului and not those that are similar.
Stimulus discrimination (or stimulus discrimination)
_______________ is a mental health disorder that involves eating objects that are non-food, non-nutritive items (e.g., a pencil, dirt, paint chips).
Pica
In classical conditioning, when the differentiation process becomes too difficult because the stimuli are almost identical, the subject will demonstrate signs of emotional disturbance called ________________ ________________.
Experiential neurosis
________________ _______________ occurs when the conditioned stimulus is not reinforced via the unconditioned stimulus, resulting in suppression of the conditioned response.
Classical extinction
_______________ _______________ occurs when reinforcement is withheld, leading the target behavior to eventually be extinguished.
Operant extinction
The significance of the “Little Albert” case was that it demonstrated that _______________.
Fears are learned and not the result of an unconscious conflict.
In behaviorism, a _______________ is a sequence of behaviors in which one response renders a cue that the next response is to occur.
Chain
In general, behavior modification strategies are based heavily on _______________ and ________________, while behavior therapy emphasizes ________________ and ________________.
- Operant/instrumental conditioning and Skinnerian principles (behavior modification)
-Classical/respondent conditioning and Pavlovian principles (behavior therapy)
Edward Thorndike postulated the ________________ ________________ ________________ which assumes that satisfying associations related to a given behavior will cause it to be stamped in, while those associated with annoying consequences are stamped out.
Law of Effect
_________________ involves hooking the client to an electronic device that provides information about their body to help them control autonomic responses such as heart rate or breathing patterns.
Biofeedback
Analytic psychology is often called ________________ ________________ because something is assumed to be wrong deep below the level of awareness.
Depth psychology
________________ ________________ ________________ demonstrated that learning could serve as a treatment for a phobic reaction.
Mary Cover Jones
When a counselor refers to a counseling paradigm, they are describing a ________________ _______________.
Treatment model
The counselor uses the principle of _______________ in an attempt to eliminate vague language during a counseling session.
Concreteness (or specificity)
_______________ is said to take place when the counselor uncovers a deeper meaning regarding a client’s situation.
Interpretation
The notion of the _______________ ________________ _______________ suggests that counselors must wait until counselor-client trust is established before using interpretation to reduce the likelihood of the client rejecting the interpretation.
Timing of interpretation
When a counselor uses transactional analysis to analyze out of which ego state the client is primarily operating, it is called _______________ ________________.
Structural analysis
