Counseling & Helping Relationships #4 Flashcards

1
Q

______________ _______________ involves withdrawal of an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur (e.g., a child cleans its room and it’s mother stops nagging or a woman takes aspirin and her headache ceases).

A

Negative reinforcement

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2
Q

______________ may temporarily suppress an undesirable behavior, but lowers the likelihood of the desirable behavior recurring in the long-term.

A

Punishment

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3
Q

Behavior modifiers value _______________ over punishment.

A

Reinforcement

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4
Q

In Pavlov’s famous experiment using dogs, the bell was the _______________ and the meat was the _______________.

A
  • Conditioned stimulus (bell)
  • Unconditioned stimulus (meat)
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5
Q

The most effective time interval between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is _____________.

A

0.5 seconds

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6
Q

When the unconditioned stimulus is placed before the conditioned stimulus, it is generally ineffective and referred to as ______________ _____________.

A

Backwards conditioning

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7
Q

In the typical classical conditioning process, sometimes also called _______________ _____________, the conditioned stimulus comes _______________ the unconditioned stimulus.

A
  • Forward conditioning
  • Before
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8
Q

In classical conditioning, ______________ _______________ occurs when a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus produces the same reaction.

A

Stimulus generalization (or second order conditioning)

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9
Q

In classical conditioning, _______________ _______________ occurs when the learning process is fine tuned to respond to only certain stimului and not those that are similar.

A

Stimulus discrimination (or stimulus discrimination)

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10
Q

_______________ is a mental health disorder that involves eating objects that are non-food, non-nutritive items (e.g., a pencil, dirt, paint chips).

A

Pica

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11
Q

In classical conditioning, when the differentiation process becomes too difficult because the stimuli are almost identical, the subject will demonstrate signs of emotional disturbance called ________________ ________________.

A

Experiential neurosis

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12
Q

________________ _______________ occurs when the conditioned stimulus is not reinforced via the unconditioned stimulus, resulting in suppression of the conditioned response.

A

Classical extinction

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13
Q

_______________ _______________ occurs when reinforcement is withheld, leading the target behavior to eventually be extinguished.

A

Operant extinction

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14
Q

The significance of the “Little Albert” case was that it demonstrated that _______________.

A

Fears are learned and not the result of an unconscious conflict.

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15
Q

In behaviorism, a _______________ is a sequence of behaviors in which one response renders a cue that the next response is to occur.

A

Chain

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16
Q

In general, behavior modification strategies are based heavily on _______________ and ________________, while behavior therapy emphasizes ________________ and ________________.

A
  • Operant/instrumental conditioning and Skinnerian principles (behavior modification)
    -Classical/respondent conditioning and Pavlovian principles (behavior therapy)
17
Q

Edward Thorndike postulated the ________________ ________________ ________________ which assumes that satisfying associations related to a given behavior will cause it to be stamped in, while those associated with annoying consequences are stamped out.

A

Law of Effect

18
Q

_________________ involves hooking the client to an electronic device that provides information about their body to help them control autonomic responses such as heart rate or breathing patterns.

A

Biofeedback

19
Q

Analytic psychology is often called ________________ ________________ because something is assumed to be wrong deep below the level of awareness.

A

Depth psychology

20
Q

________________ ________________ ________________ demonstrated that learning could serve as a treatment for a phobic reaction.

A

Mary Cover Jones

21
Q

When a counselor refers to a counseling paradigm, they are describing a ________________ _______________.

A

Treatment model

22
Q

The counselor uses the principle of _______________ in an attempt to eliminate vague language during a counseling session.

A

Concreteness (or specificity)

23
Q

_______________ is said to take place when the counselor uncovers a deeper meaning regarding a client’s situation.

A

Interpretation

24
Q

The notion of the _______________ ________________ _______________ suggests that counselors must wait until counselor-client trust is established before using interpretation to reduce the likelihood of the client rejecting the interpretation.

A

Timing of interpretation

25
Q

When a counselor uses transactional analysis to analyze out of which ego state the client is primarily operating, it is called _______________ ________________.

A

Structural analysis