Counseling & Helping Relationships #4

Question 1

______________ _______________ involves withdrawal of an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur (e.g., a child cleans its room and it’s mother stops nagging or a woman takes aspirin and her headache ceases).

Answer 1

Negative reinforcement

Question 2

______________ may temporarily suppress an undesirable behavior, but lowers the likelihood of the desirable behavior recurring in the long-term.

Answer 2

Punishment

Question 3

Behavior modifiers value _______________ over punishment.

Answer 3

Reinforcement

Question 4

In Pavlov’s famous experiment using dogs, the bell was the _______________ and the meat was the _______________.

Answer 4

• Conditioned stimulus (bell)
• Unconditioned stimulus (meat)

Question 5

The most effective time interval between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is _____________.

Answer 5

0.5 seconds

Question 6

When the unconditioned stimulus is placed before the conditioned stimulus, it is generally ineffective and referred to as ______________ _____________.

Answer 6

Backwards conditioning

Question 7

In the typical classical conditioning process, sometimes also called _______________ _____________, the conditioned stimulus comes _______________ the unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 7

• Forward conditioning
• Before

Question 8

In the typical classical conditioning process, sometimes also called _______________ _____________, the conditioned stimulus comes _______________ the unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 8

• Forward conditioning
• Before

Question 9

In classical conditioning, ______________ _______________ occurs when a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus produces the same reaction.

Answer 9

Stimulus generalization (or second order conditioning)

Question 10

In classical conditioning, _______________ _______________ occurs when the learning process is fine tuned to respond to only certain stimului and not those that are similar.

Answer 10

Stimulus discrimination (or stimulus discrimination)

Question 11

_______________ is a mental health disorder that involves eating objects that are non-food, non-nutritive items (e.g., a pencil, dirt, paint chips).

Answer 11

Pica

Question 12

In classical conditioning, when the differentiation process becomes too difficult because the stimuli are almost identical, the subject will demonstrate signs of emotional disturbance called ________________ ________________.

Answer 12

Experiential neurosis

Question 13

________________ _______________ occurs when the conditioned stimulus is not reinforced via the unconditioned stimulus, resulting in suppression of the conditioned response.

Answer 13

Classical extinction

Question 14

_______________ _______________ occurs when reinforcement is withheld, leading the target behavior to eventually be extinguished.

Answer 14

Operant extinction

Question 15

The significance of the “Little Albert” case was that it demonstrated that _______________.

Answer 15

Fears are learned and not the result of an unconscious conflict.

Question 16

In behaviorism, a _______________ is a sequence of behaviors in which one response renders a cue that the next response is to occur.

Answer 16

Chain

Question 17

In general, behavior modification strategies are based heavily on _______________ and ________________, while behavior therapy emphasizes ________________ and ________________.

Answer 17

• Operant/instrumental conditioning and Skinnerian principles (behavior modification)
  -Classical/respondent conditioning and Pavlovian principles (behavior therapy)

Question 18

Edward Thorndike postulated the ________________ ________________ ________________ which assumes that satisfying associations related to a given behavior will cause it to be stamped in, while those associated with annoying consequences are stamped out.

Answer 18

Law of Effect

Question 19

_________________ involves hooking the client to an electronic device that provides information about their body to help them control autonomic responses such as heart rate or breathing patterns.

Answer 19

Biofeedback

Question 20

Analytic psychology is often called ________________ ________________ because something is assumed to be wrong deep below the level of awareness.

Answer 20

Depth psychology

Question 21

________________ ________________ ________________ demonstrated that learning could serve as a treatment for a phobic reaction.

Answer 21

Mary Cover Jones

Question 22

When a counselor refers to a counseling paradigm, they are describing a ________________ _______________.

Answer 22

Treatment model

Question 23

The counselor uses the principle of _______________ in an attempt to eliminate vague language during a counseling session.

Answer 23

Concreteness (or specificity)

Question 24

_______________ is said to take place when the counselor uncovers a deeper meaning regarding a client’s situation.

Answer 24

Interpretation

Question 25

The notion of the _______________ ________________ _______________ suggests that counselors must wait until counselor-client trust is established before using interpretation to reduce the likelihood of the client rejecting the interpretation.

Answer 25

Timing of interpretation