Counseling & Helping Relationships #5

Question 1

When used in the context of counseling, a ______________ is merely a suggestion.

Answer 1

Directive

Question 2

________________, a no-no in counseling, is a misuse of paraphrasing in which the counselor restates the client’s message back to them verbatim.

Answer 2

Parroting

Question 3

_______________ ________________ provide the client and helper with biological information so that the client can master self-regulation and control autonomic nervous system functions such as blood pressure or pulse rate.

Answer 3

Biofeedback devices

Question 4

_______________ also called _______________ is the counselor’s ability to be themselves and present to the client as real and authentic.

Answer 4

Genuineness or congruence

Question 5

The ability to understand the client’s world and convey that understanding to the client is known as ______________.

Answer 5

Empathy

Question 6

When something is added following an operant it is known as a ______________, and when something is taken away it is called a ______________.

Answer 6

• Positive reinforcer
• Negative reinforcer

Question 7

In Skinnerian instrumental conditioning, an _______________ is any behavior which is not illicited by an obvious stimulus.

Answer 7

Operant

Question 8

In Skinnerian instrumental conditioning, a _______________ is the consequence of a known stimulus.

Answer 8

Respondent

Question 9

In classical conditioning, when a new stimulus is associated or paired with the conditioned stimulus and the new stimulus takes on the power of the conditioned stimulus it is called _______________ _______________ _______________.

Answer 9

Higher order conditioning

Question 10

In operant conditioning, a _______________ is something that represents a reinforcer, is given after a desirable behavior, and can be exchanged for the primary (i.e., actual) reinforcer.

Answer 10

Token

Question 11

According to the Premack Principle, an LPB is a _______________ _______________ _______________ and a HPB is a _______________ _______________ _______________.

Answer 11

• Low probability behavior
• High probability behavior

Question 12

The Premack Principle, sometimes called “Grandma’s Rule” or “Grandma’s Law, asserts that _______________.

Answer 12

Any high probability behavior (HPB) can be used as a reinforcer for any low probability behavior (LPB).

Question 13

A _______________ _______________ gives the guidelines or rules for reinforcement.

Answer 13

Reinforcement schedule

Question 14

If a reinforcer is given every time a desired or target behavior occurs, it is known as _______________ _______________.

Answer 14

Continuous reinforcement

Question 15

Most human behaviors are reinforced effectively by _______________ _______________ in which the target behavior is reinforced only after the behavior manifests itself several times or for a given time interval.

Answer 15

Intermittent reinforcement

Question 16

The two basic classes of intermittent reinforcement schedules are _______________, based on the number of responses, and _______________, based on the time elapsed.

Answer 16

• Ratio (number of responses)
• Interval (time elapsed)

Question 17

The most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is _______________ ______________.

Answer 17

• Variable ratio

Question 18

List the operant conditioning reinforcement schedules from most effective to least effective:

Answer 18

1. Variable ratio (VR)
2. Variable interval (VI)
3. Fixed ratio (FR)
4. Fixed interval (FI)

Question 19

According to the ________________-_________________ ________________ a moderate amount of mental arousal (i.e., stress) actually improves performance.

Answer 19

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Question 20

When a stimulus that accompanies a primary reinforcer takes on reinforcement properties of its own, it is known as ________________ _________________.

Answer 20

Secondary reinforcement

Question 21

In operant conditioning, a _______________ _______________ is an item or activity that can be purchased using tokens.

Answer 21

Backup reinforcer

Question 22

______________ _______________ pairs a negative, unwanted behavior with a negative, unpleasant stimulus (e.g., Antibuse causing nausea when alcohol is consumed) to support reduction of the undesirable behavior.

Answer 22

Aversive conditioning

Question 23

In assertiveness training, ______________ _______________ is the act of practicing a behavior in a counseling session that can be beneficial in the client’s life.

Answer 23

Behavioral rehearsal

Question 24

List the steps of systematic desensitization in order:

Answer 24

1. Relaxation training
2. Construction of anxiety hierarchy
3. Desensitization in imagination
4. In vivo desensitization

Question 25

In systematic desensitization, in vivo desensitization should not occur until _______________.

Answer 25

The client has been desensitized to 75% of the items on their anxiety hierarchy