HTH 100 Ch. 16 Flashcards
Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
Disease of the heart and blood vessels
Ideal Cardiovascular Health (ICH)
The absence of clinical indicators of CVD and the presence of certain favorable behavioral and health factor metrics
Cardiovascular System
Organ system, consisting of the heart and blood vessels, that transports nutrients, oxygen, hormones, metabolic wastes, and enzymes throughout the body
Atria (Singular: Atrium)
The heart’s two upper chambers, which receive blood
Ventricles
The heart’s two lower chambers, which pump blood through the blood vessels
Arteries
Vessels that carry blood away from the heart to other regions of the body
Arterioles
Branches of the arteries
Capillaries
Minute blood vessels that branch out from the arterioles and venules, their thin walls permit exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waster products among body cells
Veins
Vessels that carry blood back to the heart from other regions of the body
Venules
Branches of the veins
Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)
Cluster of electric pulse-generating cells that serves as a natural pacemaker for the heart
Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD)
An abrupt, profound loss of heart function (cardiac arrest) that causes death either instantly or shortly after symptoms occur
Hypertension
Sustained elevated blood pressure
Resistant Hypertension
A from of HBP that is difficult to control and may require three or more different classes of antihypertensive drugs to begin to control blood pressure
Systolic Blood Pressure
The upper number in the fraction that measures blood pressure, indicating pressure on the walls of the arteries then the heart contracts
Diastolic Blood Pressure
The lower number in the fraction that measures blood pressure, indicating pressure on the walls of the arteries during the relaxation phase of heart activity
Prehypertensive
Blood pressure is above normal, but not yet in the hypertensive range
Arteriosclerosis
A general term for thickening and hardening of the arteries
Atherosclerosis
Condition characterized by deposits of fatty substances (plaque) in the inner lining of an artery
Hyperlipidemia
Abnormally high blood levels of lipids, which are non-water-soluble molecules, such as fat and cholesterol
Plaque
Buildup of deposits in the arteries
Ischemia
Reduced oxygen supply to a body part of organ
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
Atherosclerosis occurring in the lower extremities, such as the feet, calves, legs, or in the arms
Ankle-Breaking Index (ABI)
Test in which a measure of blood pressure in your feet is compared to blood pressure in your arm to determine blood flow
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
A narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood
Myocardial Infarction (MI; Heart Attack)
A blockage of normal blood supply to an area in the heart
Coronary Thrombosis
A clot or an atherosclerosis narrowing that blocks a coronary artery
Thrombus
A clot or blockage in the blood vessels
Embolus
When a clot becomes dislodges and moves through the circulatory system
Arrhythmia
An irregularity in heartbeat
Fibrillation
A sporadic, quivering pattern of heartbeat that results in extreme inefficiency in moving blood through the cardiovascular system
Angina Pectoris
Chest pain occurring as a result of reduced oxygen flow to the heart
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
An abnormal cardiovascular condition that reflects impaired cardiac pumping and blood flow; pooling blood leads to congestion in body tissues
Cardiomyopathy
Damage to heart muscle
Congenital Cardiovascular Defect
Cardiovascular problem that is present at birth
Rheumatic Heart Disease
A heart disease caused by untreated streptococcal infection of the throat
Stroke
A condition occurring when the brain is damaged by disrupted blood supply; also called cerebrovascular accident
Aneurysm
A weakened blood vessel that may bulge under pressure and, sever cases, burst
Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs)
Brief interruption of the blood supply to the brain that causes to the brain that causes only temporary impairment; often an indicator of impending major stroke
Cardiometabolic Risks
Risk factors that impact both the cardiovascular system and the body’s biochemical metabolic processes
Metabolic Syndrome (MetS)
A group of metabolic conditions occurring together that increases a person’s risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes
Plant Sterols
Essential components of plant membranes that, when consumed in the diet, appear to help lower cholesterol levels
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
A protein whose blood levels rise in response to inflammation
Homocysteine
An amino acid normally present in the blood that, when found at high levels, may be related to higher risk of cardiovascular disease
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
A record of the electrical activity of the heart; may be measured during a stress test
Angiography
A technique for examining blockages in heart arteries
Coronary Bypass Surgery
A surgical technique whereby a blood vessel taken from another part of the body is implanted to bypass a clogged coronary artery
Angioplasty
A technique in which a catheter with a balloon at the tip is inserted into a clogged artery; the balloon is inflated to flatten fatty deposits against artery walls and a stent is typically inserted to keep the artery open
Thrombolysis
Injection of an agent to dissolve clots and restore some blood flow, thereby reducing the amount of tissue that dies from ischemia
