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RUSVM Virology > Host Response > Flashcards

Host Response Flashcards

1
Q

Recepter on the NK cell that binds to the MHC molecule on normal cell

A

Inhibitory receptor

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2
Q

Leukocyte interferon, produced in large quantities by plasmacytoid dendritic cells and is not host specific

A

INF-Alpha

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3
Q

When is gene silencing used?

A

Cells can utilize this mechanism to disrupt virus replication through production of RNAi that are complementary to specific viral genes

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4
Q

Antigenic Plasticity

A

Rapid changes in the structure of the viral antigen, may be the result of mutation, reassortment or recombination

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5
Q

(RNA/DNA) viruses are stronger inducers of Interferons

A

RNA

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6
Q

Possess potent antiviral, immunomodulating and anti-cancer properties

A

Interferons

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7
Q

NK cells recognize what molecules on healthy cells that keeps them from becoming activated

A

MHC Class I Molecules

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8
Q

Innate immune system responds in what ways when their PPRs are bound by a PAMP

A

Expression of interferons and inflammatory cytokines

Activation of phagocytic cells, increased production of inflammatory cells

Macrophages begin chemotaxis bringing neutrophils to site of inflammation

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9
Q

Interferon

A

Group of cytokines that are secreted by somatic cells in response to viral infections and to other stimuli

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10
Q

Ways in which Host responds to viral infection

A

Innate immune response

Adaptive immune response

Passive immune response

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11
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

Large lymphocytes that are defined by their cytoplasmic granules, provide early and non specific resistance against viral infections

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12
Q

Virokines

A

Proteins synthesized by viruses which are homologs of cytokines/interferons

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13
Q

Ways that viruses evade host immune system

A

Antigen plasticity

Antigenic Multiplicity

Negative Cytokine Regulation

Down Regulation of MHC I Pathway

Inhibition of complement activation

Evasion of neutralizing antibodies

Latency

Cell to Cell spread

Inhibition of apoptosis

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14
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

Antibodies may be directed against viral proteins on free virions or against viral proteins expressed on surface of infected cells

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15
Q

CD4+ Th Cell mechanism of action

A
  • Th interacts with microbial antigen in phagocyte
  • Stimulates the release of cytokines
  • Results in activation of macrophages, inflammation and Stimulation of B lymphocytes
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16
Q

Cellular immunity is mediated by

A

T Lymphocytes

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17
Q

Immunoregulatory interferon produced by antigen stimulated by T cells and NK cells. Labile at pH of 2 and demonstrates host specificity

A

Type II Interferon - Interferon Gamma

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18
Q

Defense exhibits neither antigen specificity nor memory

A

Innate Immunity

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19
Q

Components of adaptive immunity

A

Humoral Immune Response

Cellular Immune Response

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20
Q

Paracrine

A

Infected cell secretes IFN which acts on adjacent cells

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21
Q

Temperature of the nasal passages

A

33C

22
Q

Gene Silencing

A

Cells utilize small, interfering RNA molecules (iRNA) to silence genes as a means of regulating normal developmental and physiological processes and potentially to interfere with virus replication

23
Q

Interferons are inactivated by what route of administration

A

Oral

24
Q

Innate immunity provides critical line of defense against viral infections because:

A

Constantly present

Operational immediately

Available for the first few days after viral infection

25
Q

Temperature of the alveoli

A

37C

26
Q

Fibroblast interferon secreted by virus-infected fibroblast, generally host species specific

A

INF - Beta

27
Q

Granulocytosis

A

Presence in peripheral blood of increased number of granulocytes

28
Q

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns

A

Macromolecues present in viruses and other microbes, but not on host cells

29
Q

Antiviral effects of antibodies

A

Reduced damage to host from inflammatory response

Generation of oxidants

Immunomodulation

Opsonization

Activation of complement

Virus and toxin neutralization

Antibody dependent cell cytoxicity

Direct antimicrobial activity

30
Q

Perforin

A

Produce pore in plasma membrane

31
Q

Activation of the complement system causes

A

Opsonization

Chemotaxis

Lysis

Agglutination

32
Q

How do viruses evade neutralizing antibodies

A

Produce large amounts of soluble protein to soak up antibody

Variation in viral antigens

Production of antibodies capable of neutralization

Slow production of antibodies

33
Q

Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity

A

Antibodies bind to viral antigens expressed on surface of host cells, host cells are destroyed by phagocytosis or by complement mediated cytolysis

34
Q

Virus Neutralization

A

Neutralizing antibodies prevent virus attachement and entry into host cells, bind viral capsid or host envelope

35
Q

Viroceptors

A

Virus encoded proteins that are homologous to the receptor for cytokines, secreted cytokine receptor homolog bind to cytokines and serve as competitive antagonists

36
Q

Autocrine

A

infected cell secretes the INF that acts on same cell triggering apoptosis

37
Q

Opsonization

A

Coating of virions with antibodies, antibody coated virion is recognized and phagocytosed by macrophages and sometimes by neutrophils

38
Q

How do type I interferons inhibit virus replication

A
  • Activate latent ribonuclease - RNAase L
  • RNAase L degrades viral RNA
  • Synthesis of Mx proteins that bind and trap nucleocapsid and inhibit virus assembly
39
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

Antigen specific, responses take time to develop and is mediated by lymphocytes that possess surface receptors that are specific to each pathogen

40
Q

Pattern Recognition Receptors

A

Surface receptors that recognize specific pathogen associated molecular patterns.

41
Q

Mucocilliary Blanket

A

Layer of mucous produced by goblet cells that is kept in continuous flow by the coordinated beating of cilia on the luminal surface of the epithelial cells that line the nasal mucosa and airways

42
Q

Antigen Multiplicity

A

Antigenic varients with little or no cross reactivity

43
Q

Granzyme

A

Proteins that initiate apoptosis

44
Q

At least three interferons have been identified, recently discovered. Expressed in response to viral infections and activation of toll-like receptors. Primary function as immuno regulator

A

Type III Interferon

45
Q

Major classes of interferons based on antigenic and chemical differences

A

Type I

Type II

Type III

46
Q

Roles of type I interferons

A

Inhibit virus replication

Activate NK cells

Increase expression of MHC-1

Stimulate differentiation of monocytes into dendritic cells

Maturation of dendritic cells

Memorty T cell proliferation

47
Q

CD8+ Tc Cell mechanism of action

A
  • Tc cell interaction with infected cell containing microbial antigen
  • Killing of infected cell
48
Q

Humoral immunity is mediated by

A

Antibodies released from B lymphocytes

49
Q

Immunocomplex formation

A

Clumping of viruses, reduces the number of viral particles avilable for cell invasion

50
Q

Cytoplasmic granules of NK cells contain

A

Perforin

Granzyme

RUSVM Virology (35 decks)

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