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Epidemiology of Viral Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Epizootic Cycle (Rural Cycle)

A

Virus transmitted between non-wild or domestic animals and the primary or accessory insect vectors

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2
Q

Case Fatality Rate

A

Number (%) of animals in a population that die from a particular disease over a specific period of time

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3
Q

Droplet Transmission

A

Transmission of virus in droplet nuclei that travel less than one meter from the source to susceptible host

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4
Q

Ways in which Iatrogenic infection can occur

A

Introduction of pathogens by contaminated instruments or contaminated body surface

Introduction of pathogen through contaminated prophylactic or therapeutic practices

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5
Q

Incubation Period

A

Interval between infection and the onset of clinical signs

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6
Q

Overwintering

A

Survival of the virus from one ‘vector season’ to the next (period during which arthropods hibernate)

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7
Q

Incidence Rate (Attack Rate)

A

Meaure of the occurrence of infection or disease in a population over time

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8
Q

Dead End Host (Incidental Host)

A

Host from which infectious agents are not transmitted to other susceptible hosts. Do not develop sufficient viremia to be picked up by the insect vectors

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9
Q

Virus Epidemiology

A

Study of determinants, freqency, dynamics and distribution of viral diseases in populations

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10
Q

Enzootic Cycle (Sylvatic or Jungle Cycle)

A

Natural transmissioin of virus between wild animals/birds and primary insect vectors

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11
Q

Iatrogenic transmission

A

Infection that is transferred during medical or surgical practice

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12
Q

Mechanical Transmission

A

Passive transport of the infectious agent on the feet or other body parts of the vector

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13
Q

Vertical Transmission

A

Usually used to describe infection that is transferred from dam to embryo/fetus/newborn, before/during/shortly after parturition

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14
Q

Seroepidemiology

A

Use of serological data as the basis of epidemiological investigation, as determined by diagnostic serological techniques

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15
Q

Amplifying Host

A

Level of virus can become high enough that an insect vector that feeds on it will probably become infectious

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16
Q

Airborne Transmission

A

Spread of infectious agents by droplet nuclei in dust that travel more than one meter, sometimes miles from the infected to susceptible host

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17
Q

Mechanism of Biological Transmission

A
  • Arthropod vector acquires virus by feeding on blood of viremic animal
  • Replication of ingested virus in gut then spread to salivary gland
  • Virions in salivary secretions of vector are injected into new animal during blood meal
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18
Q

Mechanisms for overwintering

A

Transovarial Transmission

Trans-stadial Transmission

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19
Q

Main categories of disease determinants

A

Environmental Factors

Virus Factors

Host Factors

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20
Q

Trans-stadial Transmission

A

Virus is transmitted from larva or nymph to next stage of development (nymph or adult), but not transmitted vertically (from mother tick to eggs and next generation)

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21
Q

Enzootic Viral Diseases

A

Constant presence of a viral disease within a given geographic area

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22
Q

Extrinsic Incubation Period

A

Period from when virus is ingested by an arthropod vector and replication occurs in the gut to spread into the salivary glands.

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23
Q

Contagious Disease

A

Disease that is spread from one person or organism to another by direct or indirect contact

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24
Q

Inapparent Carriers

A

Carrier state may exist in an animal with an infection that is inapparent throughout its course

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25
Nosocomial Infection
Occur while an animal is in a veterinary hospital or clinic
26
Vehicle Borne Transmission
Includes fecal contamination of food and water supplies and virus contaminated meat or bone products
27
Outcome of molecular epidemiology
General prevalence, information on genetic diversity and origin of viruses
28
Surveillance
Systemic collection, analysis, interpretation and dissemination of health data on an ongoing basis to gain knowledge of the pattern of disease occurrence and potential in a community in order to control and prevent disease.
29
Bridge Vector
Arthropod vector that acquires virus from an infected wild animal and subsequently transmits the agent to human or secondary host
30
Transovarial Transmission
Virus transmitted from the mother tick through infected eggs to next generation of ticks
31
Epidemiology
interdiciplinary field of science that takes into consideration multiple factors to provide data on pattern, spread, occurrence and impact of viral disease in population and also on the potential of occurrence of a viral disease in a population
32
Exotic Disease
Disease not known to occur in a particular country or geographical area
33
Morbidity Rate
Percentage of animals in a population that develop clinical signs attributable to a particular virus over a defined period of time (commonly during an outbreak)
34
Convalescent (Chronic) Carriers
Animals that shed virus during recovery from disease
35
Transmission cycles of Arboviruses
Enzootic Cycle Epizootic Cycle Urban Cycle
36
Urban Cycle
Virus cycle between humans and insect vectors
37
Decline Period
Period when clinical signs begin to subside
38
Mechanisms of Survival of Viruses
Physical stability Host population size Host Range Persistant Infection Avoid exposure to external environment
39
Droplet transmission is an example of (direct/indirect) contact.
Direct
40
Prodromal Period
First signs and feelings of illness after incubation period. Period of early symptoms of disease occurring after incubation period and before the appearance of classical symptoms of disease
41
Acute Period
Disease is at its height, severe clinical signs
42
Types of carriers
Incubatory Convalescent Inapparent
43
Carrier
Animals that have contracted an infectious viral disease but display no clinical symptoms
44
Fomite
Inanimate object or substance that is contaminated with the infectious agent and is capable of transmitting infectious organisms from one individual to another
45
Zoonosis
Infections that are transmissible from animals to humans
46
Most viruses are transmitted by the (horizontal/vertical) route
Horizontal
47
Herd Immunity
Form of immunity that occurs when the vaccination of a significant portion of a population (herd) provides a measure of protection for individuals who have not developed immunity
48
Stages of a typical infectious disease process
Incubation Period Prodromal Period Acute Period Decline Period Convalescent Period
49
Types of vector transmission
Mechanical Transmission Biological Transmission
50
Incidence
Number of new cases that occur in a population over a specified period of time
51
Period of Contagiousness
Refers to the time during which an infected animal sheds virus
52
Prevalence
Number of occurrences of disease (old and new cases), infection, or related attributes (antibodies) in a population, at a particular time
53
Vertical transmission of viruses may cause
Early embryonic death or abortion Congenital Disease Congenital Defects
54
Direct Contact
Involves actual physical contact between infected animal and susceptible animal
55
Epizootic Viral Disease
Occurrence of more cases of viral disease than expected in a given area or among a specific group of people/animals over a particular time
56
Vector Transmission
Arthropod vectors carry the viruses from the infected host to susceptible host
57
Incubatory (Acute) Carriers
Animals that shed virus during the incubation period of the disease
58
Methods to study epidemiology of viruses
Seroepidemiology Molecular epidemiology
59
Arboviruses
Class of viruses transmitted to humans by arthropods
60
Sporadic Viral Disease
Viral diseases occurring occasionally, singly or in scattered instances and in an irregular and haphazard manner
61
Mortality Rate
Number (%) of animals in a population that die from a particular disease over a specified period of time
62
Horizontal Virus Transmission
Spread of an infectious agent from one person/animal/group to another person/animal/group
63
Correlation of epidemiological serological data with clinical observations makes it possible to determine the ratio of
Clinical to Subclinical Infections
64
Biological Transmission
Infectious agent undergoes either a necessary part of its life cycle or multiplication in the vector before transmission to susceptible host
65
Panzootic Viral Disease
Virus epidemic occurring over a very wide area (several countries or continents) affecting a large proportion of the population
66
Transmission of Wester Equine Encephalitis Virus (WEEV)
* Enzootic and epizoodic transmission cycles * Maintained in enzootic cycle between passerine birds as reservoirs and its specific mosquito vector * Domestic and wild birds considered important reservoir and epizootic amplifying hosts
67
Molecular Epidemiology of Viruses
Use of molecular biological data as the basis of epidemiological investigation of viral diseases
68
Reservoir
Habititat in which infectious agent normally lives, grows and multiplies
69
Types of Virus Transmission
Vertical Horizontal
70
Convalescent Period
Body gradually returns to its pre-diseased state and health is restored

RUSVM Virology (35 decks)

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