Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Infectious Disease > HIV > Flashcards

HIV Flashcards

1
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A
  • **Sexual transmission (most common) (6 transmittable fluids: vaginal, anal, pre-ejaculate, ejaculate, blood, breast milk)
  • Transfusion of blood and blood products
  • Contaminated needles
  • MTCT (mother-to-child transmission) -> in-utero, intra-partum, perinatal period, breastfeeding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the viral AIDs defining conditions?

A
  • HSV -> chronic ulceration (> 1 month), bronchitis, pneumonitis, oesophagitis
  • CMV -> retinitis, disease other than liver/spleen/LNs
  • JC virus -> progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the bacterial AIDs defining conditions?

A
  • MTB -> of any site
  • MAC or Mycobacterium kansasii -> disseminated/extrapulmonary
  • Recurrent bacterial pneumonia (≥ 2 episodes in 1 year)
  • Recurrent Salmonella septicaemia (can seed to bone, vasculature)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the fungal AIDs defining conditions?

A
  • Candidiasis -> oesophageal, trachea, bronchi, lungs
  • Cryptococcosis -> extrapulmonary (e.g. meningitis)
  • Histoplasmosis -> extrapulmonary/disseminated
    Aspergillosis
  • Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the protozoa AIDs defining conditions?

A
  • Toxoplasma gondii -> cerebral toxoplasmosis

- Cystoisosporiasis -> chronic intestinal (> 1 month)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the AIDs defining malignancy?

A
  • Lymphomas -> primary brain, Burkitt (immunodeficiency variant), immunoblastic
  • Kaposi’s sarcoma (HHV-8)
  • Invasive cervical cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the AIDS defining conditions seen in the brain?

A

Mass lesions

  • Toxoplasma vs primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL)
  • Cryptococcus
  • TB

Diffuse encephalitis (viral, present with altered mental status AMS): CMV, HSV, VZV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the AIDS defining conditions seen in the eye?

A

CMV retinitis (ask for blurring of vision BOV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the AIDS defining conditions seen in the mouth?

A

Oesophageal candidiasis (oral candidiasis is not considered, because abx therapy can cause it also)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the AIDS defining conditions seen in the neck?

A

Lymphadenopathy

  • NTM
  • TB
  • Disseminated MAC (bacteraemia as well)
  • Lymphoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the AIDS defining conditions seen in the lung?

A
  • Recurrent bacterial pneumonia (especially Streptococcus pneumoniae)
  • TB
  • PCP – life threatening! Also, is the most common opportunistic infection (OI)
  • Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI)
  • CMV
  • Histoplasmosis, Blastomyces (endemic fungi)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the AIDS defining conditions seen in the gut?

A
  • Salmonella enteritidis (recurrent Salmonella bacteraemia)/Salmonellosis
  • Cystoisosporiasis, cryptosporidium (ask for chronic diarrhoea)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the AIDS defining conditions seen in the genitals?

A

Invasive cervical cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the AIDS defining conditions seen in the skin?

A
  • Kaposi sarcoma (HHV8)

- Disseminated herpes zoster (> 2 dermatomes, or non-contiguous, or cross midline)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the clinical features of acute retroviral syndrome?

A

Acute onset (usually fever -> rash -> pharyngitis -> lymphadenopathy)

  • Fever, fatigue, myalgia/arthralgia
  • Rash (macular/maculopapular rash of face, neck, upper torso)
  • Headache, pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy (especially cervical)
  • Gastrointestinal -> N&V, diarrhoea
  • Mucocutaneous ulcerations -> painful ulcers on oral mucosa, anus, penis, oesophagus
  • Neurological -> aseptic meningitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the differentials for acute retroviral syndrome?

A
  • **Infectious mononucleosis (EBV, CMV) -> do heterophile antibody (Monospot) test
  • Other viral illness -> e.g. viral hepatitis
  • Bacterial -> syphilis, disseminated gonorrhoeal infection
  • Autoimmune -> new-onset SLE
17
Q

How is HIV diagnosed?

A

Diagnosis of HIV infection is made by detection of circulating antibodies to HIV. Antibodies are identified by the use of a screening test, usually an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), followed by definitive diagnosis using a Western Blot assay. HIV antibody is detectable in at least 95% of patients within 3 months after infection

In some situations such as pre-seroconversion or neonatal infection, measurement of HIV antibodies may be unreliable. In these instances, diagnosis of infection may use direct detection of HIV itself such as quantification of plasma HIV RNA, HIV viral DNA, or HIV antigen or by detection and amplification of virus in a tissue culture

18
Q

What are the lab screening needed for HIV patients

A

HIV specific

  • HIV ag/ ab testing- to confirm diagnosis
  • CD4 count
  • viral load
  • genotypic resistance testing for PI, NRTI, NNRTI
  • HLA-B*5701 (for abacavir HSR), G6PD

routine/ generatl

  • CBC
  • chemistry with BUN/ Cr
  • AST, ALT, total bilirubin, ALP
  • albumin, total protein
  • fasting lipids, CBG, HBA1C
  • pregnancy test (if applicable)
  • CXR

co- infection

  • HAV Ab, total or IgG
  • HBsAg, HBsAb, HBcAb
  • HCV Ab
  • Syphilis
  • Gonorrhea, chlamydia NAAT
  • trichomonas
  • LTBI screening

Screen for OI (CMV IgG, Toxoplasma IgG, VZV IgG, screen eye, Cryptococcal antigen if CD4 < 50)

Infectious Disease (55 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions