History of psychology part 2 unit 9 Flashcards
How does humanistic psychology define human nature?
Human nature has three components:
Mind (intellect).
Body (biological makeup).
Spirit (emotional makeup).
What is Third-Force Psychology?
A movement led by Abraham Maslow in the 1960s as an alternative to behaviorism and psychoanalysis.
Criticism of behaviorism: It reduced humans to robots or animals, ignoring their uniqueness.
Criticism of psychoanalysis: Focused only on emotionally disturbed individuals and ignored helping healthy individuals reach their full potential.
What are the key characteristics of humanistic psychology?
Not deterministic; humans are free to choose their existence.
Emphasizes subjective reality over external causes like genetics or early experiences.
Rejects traditional scientific methods, advocating for a new human science to study human nature.
What is the primary goal of humanistic psychology?
To study the specificity of humans, highlighting their ability to:
Ponder existence.
Find meaning.
Direct their lives.
What is the definition of phenomenology in the context of psychology?
A methodology that focuses on experience as it occurs, without reducing it to components.
Key Idea: Emphasizes the holistic and subjective nature of human experience.
What are the key characteristics of romanticism?
Appreciation of nature and its beauty.
Exaltation of emotions over reason.
Focus on the self and human personality.
Exploring human moods and mental potentialities.
What are the philosophical roots of existentialism?
Began with thinkers like Socrates, Augustine, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and novelist Dostoevsky.
Central focus on human feelings, individuality, and choice.
Key Idea: Existentialism seeks the meaning of human existence.
Who was Viktor Frankl, and what is logotherapy?
Viktor Frankl: A psychiatrist and Holocaust survivor who developed logotherapy, which focuses on finding meaning in life.
Key Idea: Even in dire circumstances, those who find meaning in their lives can endure suffering.
What did Rollo May contribute to existential therapy?
Introduced existential psychology to the U.S. and emphasized the human dilemma:
Humans are both objects (physical existence) and subjects (able to interpret and give meaning to experiences).
What is self-alienation, and how does it occur?
Occurs when individuals accept societal values that conflict with their personal principles.
Key Effects: Leads to guilt, apathy, and despair.
Example: Accepting a moral standard due to group pressure, even if it contradicts personal beliefs.
What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A theory where human needs are arranged in a hierarchy:
Physiological Needs: Basic survival (e.g., food, water).
Safety Needs: Security and stability (e.g., shelter, avoiding danger).
Love and Belonging: Relationships and social connections.
Esteem Needs: Respect, achievement, and self-worth.
Self-Actualization: Reaching one’s full potential.
What does Maslow mean by self-actualization?
The process of realizing and fulfilling one’s potential.
Characteristics:
Fuller self-knowledge and acceptance.
Integration: Unity within oneself.
Creativity and spontaneity.
Living true to one’s intrinsic nature.
What are the traits of self-actualizing individuals?
Concern for humanity.
Creativity and independence.
Ethical but unconventional.
Fresh appreciation of life.
Experience periodic “peak moments” of joy and fulfillment.
What is Carl Rogers’ Client-Centered Therapy?
A therapeutic approach focused on helping clients reach their potential by fostering personal growth.
Key Concept: Actualizing Tendency—the drive to grow and fulfill one’s potential.
What is the organismic valuing process in Rogers’ theory?
A process where individuals make choices based on their true feelings and intrinsic values.
Key Idea: Living authentically by pursuing experiences that align with one’s growth, while avoiding those that don’t.
