Attention and perception part 2 unit 7

Question 1

What is the first step in the perceptual process?

Answer 1

A: The distal stimulus, which is the stimulus in the environment.

Question 2

What role does the distal stimulus play in perception?

Answer 2

It initiates the perceptual process by interacting with sensory organs (e.g., light reaching the eyes).

Question 3

What is the second step in the perceptual process?

Answer 3

The proximal stimulus, which is the image or signal detected by sensory receptors.

Question 4

How is the proximal stimulus created in visual perception?

Answer 4

Light reflected from the distal stimulus is projected onto the retina.

Question 5

What happens during the receptor processes stage?

Answer 5

Sensory receptors convert the proximal stimulus into electrical signals through transduction

Question 6

What is transduction?

Answer 6

The process of converting sensory input (e.g., light) into electrical energy.

Question 7

What happens during the neural processing stage?

Answer 7

Neurons transmit the electrical signals from sensory receptors to specific brain areas (e.g., occipital lobe for vision).

Question 8

Which brain areas process visual and auditory signals?

Answer 8

A: - Visual: Occipital lobe.

Auditory: Temporal lobe.

Question 9

What are the final steps of the perceptual process?

Answer 9

A: Perception, recognition, and action:

Perception: Conscious awareness of the stimulus.
Recognition: Categorizing the stimulus (e.g., identifying it as a tree).
Action: Behavioral response (e.g., moving toward the tree).

Question 10

Does the perceptual process always follow a linear order?

Answer 10

A: No, actions can modify perception and recognition (e.g., moving closer changes visual details).

Question 11

What is top-down processing?

Answer 11

Perception guided by prior knowledge, experience, and expectations.

Question 12

How does top-down processing influence perception?

Answer 12

Previously acquired knowledge helps interpret ambiguous stimuli (e.g., rat-man experiment).

Question 13

What is constructive perception?

Answer 13

A form of top-down processing where sensory information combines with prior knowledge to build a perception.

Question 14

Who proposed the idea of unconscious inference in perception?

Answer 14

A: Hermann von Helmholtz.

Question 15

What is the likelihood principle in perception?

Answer 15

The idea that we perceive the most likely cause of the sensory input based on past experiences.

Question 16

What is an example of top-down processing?

Answer 16

Recognizing a group of dots as a house due to prior exposure to similar shapes.

Question 17

What is bottom-up processing?

Answer 17

Perception driven purely by sensory data without prior knowledge.

Question 18

What is the ecological approach to perception?

Answer 18

Proposed by James J. Gibson, it suggests that all the necessary information for perception is provided by the environment.

Question 19

How does the ecological approach explain depth perception?

Answer 19

Texture gradients in the environment provide cues about depth and distance.

Question 20

What is optic flow?

Answer 20

Optic flow is a perception of motion created by movement through an environment:

Closer objects appear to move faster.
The destination point (focus of expansion) remains stationary.

Question 21

How do top-down and bottom-up processes complement each other?

Answer 21

Bottom-up processes handle clear sensory information, while top-down processes assist when stimuli are ambiguous.

Question 22

What does perception as an interaction mean?

Answer 22

It involves both bottom-up sensory data and top-down knowledge to create a complete perception.