Attention and perception part 2 unit 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first step in the perceptual process?

A

A: The distal stimulus, which is the stimulus in the environment.

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2
Q

What role does the distal stimulus play in perception?

A

It initiates the perceptual process by interacting with sensory organs (e.g., light reaching the eyes).

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3
Q

What is the second step in the perceptual process?

A

The proximal stimulus, which is the image or signal detected by sensory receptors.

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4
Q

How is the proximal stimulus created in visual perception?

A

Light reflected from the distal stimulus is projected onto the retina.

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5
Q

What happens during the receptor processes stage?

A

Sensory receptors convert the proximal stimulus into electrical signals through transduction

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6
Q

What is transduction?

A

The process of converting sensory input (e.g., light) into electrical energy.

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7
Q

What happens during the neural processing stage?

A

Neurons transmit the electrical signals from sensory receptors to specific brain areas (e.g., occipital lobe for vision).

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8
Q

Which brain areas process visual and auditory signals?

A

A: - Visual: Occipital lobe.

Auditory: Temporal lobe.

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9
Q

What are the final steps of the perceptual process?

A

A: Perception, recognition, and action:

Perception: Conscious awareness of the stimulus.
Recognition: Categorizing the stimulus (e.g., identifying it as a tree).
Action: Behavioral response (e.g., moving toward the tree).

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10
Q

Does the perceptual process always follow a linear order?

A

A: No, actions can modify perception and recognition (e.g., moving closer changes visual details).

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11
Q

What is top-down processing?

A

Perception guided by prior knowledge, experience, and expectations.

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12
Q

How does top-down processing influence perception?

A

Previously acquired knowledge helps interpret ambiguous stimuli (e.g., rat-man experiment).

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13
Q

What is constructive perception?

A

A form of top-down processing where sensory information combines with prior knowledge to build a perception.

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14
Q

Who proposed the idea of unconscious inference in perception?

A

A: Hermann von Helmholtz.

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15
Q

What is the likelihood principle in perception?

A

The idea that we perceive the most likely cause of the sensory input based on past experiences.

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16
Q

What is an example of top-down processing?

A

Recognizing a group of dots as a house due to prior exposure to similar shapes.

17
Q

What is bottom-up processing?

A

Perception driven purely by sensory data without prior knowledge.

18
Q

What is the ecological approach to perception?

A

Proposed by James J. Gibson, it suggests that all the necessary information for perception is provided by the environment.

19
Q

How does the ecological approach explain depth perception?

A

Texture gradients in the environment provide cues about depth and distance.

20
Q

What is optic flow?

A

Optic flow is a perception of motion created by movement through an environment:

Closer objects appear to move faster.
The destination point (focus of expansion) remains stationary.

21
Q

How do top-down and bottom-up processes complement each other?

A

Bottom-up processes handle clear sensory information, while top-down processes assist when stimuli are ambiguous.

22
Q

What does perception as an interaction mean?

A

It involves both bottom-up sensory data and top-down knowledge to create a complete perception.