History of psychology part 2 unit 7 Flashcards
What did Freud accomplish with psychoanalysis?
Freud took scattered ideas about the mind (like puzzle pieces people had noticed for centuries) and put them together into a clear picture, forming psychoanalysis.
How did Leibniz influence Freud’s work?
Leibniz said our mind has layers, like a cake. Some layers (thoughts) are clear and visible (conscious), while others are hidden (unconscious).
What is Herbart’s threshold of consciousness?
Imagine a spotlight on a stage. Ideas under the light are conscious, while those outside it are unconscious. Herbart said ideas move in and out of this spotlight.
What was Fechner’s iceberg metaphor?
He said the mind is like an iceberg—only a tiny part (consciousness) is above water; the rest (unconscious) is hidden below the surface.
How did Nietzsche describe the mind?
Nietzsche saw the mind as having two personalities: one wild and impulsive (id/Dionysian) and one calm and reasonable (superego/Apollonian), constantly wrestling for control.
What did Schopenhauer believe about human behavior?
He said humans are like puppets pulled by invisible strings of desire, mainly acting on instinct rather than reason.
How did Darwin shape Freud’s ideas?
Darwin suggested humans, like animals, are driven by powerful instincts, such as aggression and the need to reproduce.
Who was Josef Breuer, and why is he important?
Breuer was like a detective for emotions. He helped people find the root cause of their mental symptoms by talking about their hidden memories, a method he called the cathartic method.
Who was Anna O., and what was her contribution?
Anna O. was a patient who nicknamed therapy the “talking cure” because simply talking about her hidden feelings helped her recover.
What is transference?
It’s like when a child feels safe with a new teacher and starts treating them like a parent. Patients often redirect emotions toward their therapist during therapy.
What did Freud learn from Charcot?
Charcot taught Freud that hysteria (mental and physical symptoms without a clear cause) could happen to men and wasn’t just a “woman’s problem.” He also linked it to the mind’s dissociation and repressed feelings.
What did Freud learn from the Nancy School (Liébault and Bernheim)?
The Nancy School showed Freud how hypnosis could plant ideas in the unconscious mind that affect behavior later, like a “seed” that grows even when you’re not aware of it.
How did society influence Freud?
Back then, people didn’t like talking about instincts or sex, and Freud’s Jewish background made things harder. But these challenges pushed him to dig deeper into the hidden parts of the mind.
What are the core ideas of “Studies on Hysteria” (1895)?
Freud’s book said (1) we all have hidden motives we don’t fully understand, (2) many of these are sexual, and (3) therapy can help by uncovering and talking about them.
What is countertransference, and why is it important in psychoanalysis?
Countertransference happens when a therapist starts having emotional reactions to a patient, based on their own personal feelings or experiences.
What is “On Male Hysteria,” and why was it significant?
“On Male Hysteria” was a paper Freud presented in 1886. It challenged the common belief of the time that hysteria was only a “woman’s disorder” and argued that men could experience it too.
What societal factors influenced early psychoanalysis?
Victorian mentality on sexuality, anti-Semitism, and therapeutic nihilism shaped Freud’s development of psychoanalysis.
How did Freud begin his career in psychology?
Freud enrolled in medical school at the University of Vienna in 1873, focusing on the study of nervous diseases. He later studied hysteria in Paris under Jean-Martin Charcot.
What was Freud’s relationship with cocaine?
In the 1880s, Freud believed cocaine had medicinal benefits. He used it himself, gave it to others, and even wrote articles promoting its effects. Unfortunately, this led to tragic outcomes, like his friend Ernst von Fleischl-Marxow becoming addicted.
