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Study 2nd sem > Histo chap 2&3 > Flashcards

Histo chap 2&3 Flashcards

1
Q
  • cells produced by the first zygotic cellular divisions
  • give rise to all tissue types of the fetus
A

Blastomeres

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2
Q
  • Explanted to tissue culture cells
    of the inner cell mass
A

Embryonic Stem Cells

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3
Q
  • cells predominantly express sets of
    genes that mediate specific cytoplasmic activities, becoming efficiently organized in tissues with specialized functions and usually changing their shape accordingly
A

Differentiation

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4
Q

-It consists of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins, with oligosaccharide chains

-It functions as a selective barrier regulating the passage of materials into and out of the cell

A

PLASMA MEMBRANE

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5
Q
  • continuum that exists between the interior of the cell and extracellular macromolecules.
A

Integrins

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6
Q

are major constituents of membranes

A

Proteins

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7
Q
  • incorporated directly within the lipid bilayer
  • extracted only by using detergents to disrupt the lipids
A

Integral proteins

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8
Q
  • bound to one of the two membrane surfaces
  • can be extracted from cell membranes with salt solution
A

Peripheral proteins

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9
Q
  • polypeptide chains of many integral proteins span the membrane
A

Multipass proteins

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10
Q
  • transports small, nonpolar molecules directly
    through the lipid bilayer
A

Diffusion

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11
Q

multipass proteins forming transmembrane pores through which ions or small molecules pass selectively.

A

Channels

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12
Q

where water molecules cross

A

Aquaporins

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13
Q
  • transmembrane proteins that bind small molecules and translocate them across the membrane via
    conformational changes
A

Carriers

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14
Q

substances are brought into the cell

A

Endocytosis

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15
Q
  • ingestion of particles such
    as bacteria or dead cell remnants
A

Phagocytosis or cell eating

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16
Q
  • involves smaller invaginations of the cell membrane which fuse and entrap
    extracellular fluid and its dissolved content
A

Pinocytosis or cell drinking

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17
Q
  • includes membrane proteins called receptors that bind specific molecules
    (ligands).
A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

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18
Q
  • movement of large molecules from inside to outside the cell
  • triggered in many cells by a transient increase in cytosolic Ca2+
A

Exocytosis

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19
Q

used for products that are
released from cells continuously

A

Constitutive secretion -

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20
Q

occurs in response to signals
coming to the cells, such as the release of digestive enzymes from pancreatic cells in response to specific stimuli.

A

Regulated secretion

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21
Q

process of membrane movement
and recycling

A

Membrane trafficking

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22
Q

couple the cells and allow exchange of
ions and small molecules

A

Gap Junctions

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23
Q

signal molecules (hormones) are
carried in the blood from their sources to target cells throughout the body

A

Endocrine signaling

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24
Q

chemical ligand diffuses in extracellular fluid but is rapidly metabolized so that its effect is only local on target cells near its source

A

Paracrine signaling

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25
Q

-a special kind of paracrine interaction,
neurotransmitters act on adjacent cells
through special contact areas called synapses

A

Synaptic signaling

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26
Q

signals bind receptors on the same cells that produced the messenger molecule

A

Autocrine signaling

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27
Q

-important in early embryonic
-bind surface receptors of the target cell when the two cells make direct physical contact

A

Juxtacrine signaling

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28
Q

ligand binding induces catalytic activity in
associated peripheral protein

A

Enzymatic receptors

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28
Q

open associated channels upon ligand binding to promote transfer of molecules or ions across the membrane

A

Channel-linked receptors

29
Q

upon ligand binding stimulate associated Gproteins which then bind the guanine nucleotide GTP and are released to activate other cytoplasmic proteins.

A

G-protein-coupled receptors

30
Q

assemble polypeptides from amino acids on molecules of
transfer RNA (tRNA) in a sequence specified by mRNA

A

Ribosomes

31
Q

Prominent in cells specialized for protein secretion, such
as pancreatic acinar cells

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

32
Q

-lacking polyribosomes
-not basophilic
-its cisternae are more tubular or saclike

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

33
Q
  • completes posttranslational modifications of proteins produced in the RER and then packages and addresses these proteins to their proper destinations
A

Golgi apparatus

34
Q
  • sites of intracellular digestion and turnover of cellular components
A

Lysosomes

35
Q

-excess organelles or large aggregates of
nonfunctional macromolecules in cytoplasm are degraded

A

Autophagy

36
Q

very small abundant protein complexes that are not associated with membrane, each approximately the size of the small ribosomal subunit

-degrade denatured or otherwise nonfunctional polypeptide

  • lysosomes digest organelles or membranes by autophagy, proteasomes deal primarily with free proteins
    as individual molecule
A

Proteasomes

37
Q
  • membrane-enclosed organelles with arrays of enzymes specialized for aerobic respiration and production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
A

Mitochondria

38
Q

-rapid cell death

A

Apoptosis

39
Q

-spherical organelles enclosed by a single membrane and named for their enzymes producing and degrading hydrogen peroxide, H2O2

A

Peroxisomes

40
Q

substrates by removing hydrogen atoms that are transferred to molecular oxygen (O2), producing H2O2

A

Oxidases

41
Q

immediately break down H2O2 , which is
potentially damaging to the cell

A

Catalase

42
Q

-fine tubular structures

A

Microtubules

43
Q

-larger, more stable arrays

A

Axonemes

44
Q

Composed of actin subunits and allow motility and most contractile activity in cells, using reversible assembly of the actin filaments and interactions between these filaments and associated myosin family proteins

A

Microfilaments (Actin Filaments)

45
Q

networks of actin filaments and as free G-actin
subunits near the cell membrane

A

Cell cortex

46
Q

Chap 3
is the command center of the
cell, that contains the code of all cell
enzymes and proteins.

A

Nucleus

47
Q

Chap 3

It forms a selectively permeable barrier
between the nuclear and cytoplasmic
compartments

A

Nuclear Envelope

48
Q

Chap 3

Nuclear Envelope:
It has two concentric membranes separated
by a narrow (30-50nm) called

A

perinuclear space.

49
Q

Chap 3

Nuclear Envelope
Associated with the inner nuclear
membrane is a highly organized proteins
called the __________________ which stabilizes
the nuclear envelope

A

Nuclear lamina

50
Q

Chap 3

display eightfold symmetry
around a lumen

A

Nucleoporins

51
Q

Chap 3

______________consists of DNA and all
associated proteins involved in the
organization and function of DNA

Two sister chromatids are help
together by complexes of cohesion
proteins

A

Chromatin

52
Q

Chap 3
The structural unit of DNA and histones
is _________________

A

nucleosome

53
Q

Chap 3

– is visible as finely granular
material in the microscope and as stained
basophilic areas in the light microscope
(loosely packed)

A

Euchromatin

54
Q

Chap 3

– (heteros other + chroma color) – appears as a coarse, electrondense material in the electron microscope and as intensely basophilic clumps in the
light microscope (densely packed)

A

Heterochromatin

55
Q

Chap 3

is generally similar in all cell types and contains mainly repetitive, gene poor DNA sequences
including large chromosomal regions called
the centromeres and telomeres

A

Constitutive Heterochromatin

56
Q

Chap 3

– contains other regions of DNA with genes where
transcription is variably inactivated in
different cells by epigenetic mechanisms
and can undergo reversible transitions from
compact, transcriptionally silent states.

A

Facultative Heterochromatin

57
Q

Chap 3

is generally spherical, highly
basophilic subdomains of nuclei in cells
actively engaged in protein synthesis.

A

Nucleolus

58
Q

Chap 3

The regular sequence of events that
produce a new cells is termed

A

Cell Cycle

59
Q

Chap 3

The cell cycle has four distinct phases:

A
  1. Mitosis
  2. G1 Phase
  3. S Phase
  4. G2 Phase
60
Q

Chap 3

the gap between mitosis and
the beginning of DNA Replication

A

G1 phase

61
Q

Chap 3

The period of DNA synthesis

A

S phase

62
Q

Chap 3

the gap between the DNA
Duplication and the next mitosis

A

G2 phase

63
Q

Chap 3

Produces two diploid cells

A

Mitosis

64
Q

Chap 3

  1. The nucleolus disappears and the
    replicated chromatin condenses like a
    threadlike chromosomes each consisting of
    duplicate sister chromatids joined at the
    centromere
  2. The two centromeres with their nowduplicated centrioles separate and migrate
    to opposite poles of the cell and organize
    the microtubules for mitotic spindle
  3. Late in prophase, lamins and inner nuclear
    membrane are phosphorylated, causing the
    nuclear lamina and nuclear pore complexes to disassemble and disperse in cytoplasmic
    membrane vesicles
A

Prophase

65
Q

Chap 3

The chromosomes condenses further and
large protein complexes called the
Kinetochore (kinetos, moving)

The cell is now more spherical and
microtubules move the chromosomes into
alignment at the equatorial plate

A

Metaphase

66
Q

Chap 3

  • Sister chromatids are called (chromosomes
    themselves)
  • Separate and move toward opposite spindle
    poles by combination of microtubule motor
    proteins and dynamic changes in the length
    of the microtubules as the spindle pole
    moves farther apart.
A

Anaphase

67
Q

Chap 3

  • The two sets of chromosomes are at the
    spindle poles and begin reverting to their
    uncondensed state
  • Microtubules of the spindle depolymerize
    and the nuclear envelope begins to
    reassemble around each set of daughter
    chromosomes
  • A belt like contractile ring of actin filaments
    associate with myosins and develop in the
    cortical cytoplasm at the cell’s equator
A

Telophase

68
Q

Chap 3

  • Constriction of this ring produces a
    cleavage furrow and progresses until the
    cytoplasm and its organelles are divided
    into two daughter cells, each with one
    nucleus.

▪ The cell turnover rate is rapid in the
epithelium lining the digestive tract and
uterus or covering the skin.

A

Cytokinesis

69
Q

Chap 3

▪ Is a specialized process involving two
unique and closely associated cell division
that occurs only in the cells that will form
sperm and egg cells.

▪ Produces four haploid cells

A

Meiosis

Study 2nd sem (29 decks)

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