Bacte Genetics Flashcards
DNA was first discovered by
Friedrich Miescher 1869
Discovered that DNA contains phosphates, 4-carbon sugars and nitrogen-containing bases
Phoebus Levene, 1920
Discovered the helical structure by x ray crystallogy
Rosalind Franklin 1950
Described the 3D structure of DNA
James Watson and Francis Crick 1950
- process of heredity and variation
- it is the starting point from which all other cellular pathways, functions and structures originate
- Determine the ability of a microorganism to maintain viability, multiply and cause
GENETICS
A double helical chain of deoxynucleotides
DNA
A nucleotide is a combination of
- Phosphate group
- Deoxyribose
- Nitrogenous base
an intact DNA molecule is composed of ___ nucleotide polymers
2
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
DNA >RNA > PROTEIN
A DNA sequence that encodes a specific product
GENE
Defined as the totality of the genetic information of an organism
GENOME
Refers to the threadlike structure of DNA wrapped around protein that carries the genomic information
CHROMOSOMES
refers to the extrachromosomal mobile genetic elements
MOBILOME
Not all genes are confined to the chromosome, many genes may also be located on ___________ and ____________________
plasmids, transposable elements
capable of replication independently of the chromosome
episomes
pieces of DNA that move from one genetic element to another, from plasmid to chromosome or vice versa
JUMPING GENES
is the processing of information encoded in genetic elements that results in the production of biochemically functional molecules
GENE EXPRESSION
The synthesis of ssRNA, by the enzyme RNA polymerase, using one strand of the DNA as a template
TRANSCRIPTION
Actual synthesis of a specific protein from the mRNA code
TRANSLATION
In bacteria, the mRNA molecules that result from the transcription process are ________________ (capable of encoding for several gene products)
POLYCISTRONIC
Genetic alterations and diversity in bacteria are accomplished by three basic mechanisms:
mutation, genetic recombination, and genetic exchange
Defined as an alteration in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within an organism’s genome
MUTATION
A change in the DNA sequence does not result in the substitution of a different amino acid in the resulting protein
SILENT MUTATION
A change in one nucleotide base change in a single amino acid
POINT MUTATION
Involves recipient cell uptake of naked/free DNA released into the environment when another bacterial cell (donor) dies and undergoes lysis
TRANSFORMATION
Bacteria cells that can take up naked/ free DNA
COMPETENT BACTERIA
Transfer of bacterial genes by a bacteriophage from on cell to another
TRANSDUCTION
Involves cell to cell contact and requires mobilization of genetic material from a donor bacterial strain to a recipient strain
CONJUGATION
A state in which the phage DNA becomes incorporated into the bacterial genome
LYSOGENY
Refers to the phage that contains the DNA which is being incorporated
TEMPERATE
enzymes that cut incoming, foreign DNA at specific DNA sequences
RESTRICTION ENZYME
