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BDS 2: CHHD > Hepatology > Flashcards

Hepatology Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism and detoxification of drugs are dependant on what system?

A

An effective liver enzyme system

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2
Q

What is jaundice?

A

Yellowish pigmentation of the skin, conjunctiva, and other mucous membranes

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3
Q

What is hyperbilirubinemia?

A

A build up of bilirubin in the blood, this causes the yellow colour in jaundice

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4
Q

What is the first thing to change colour when bilirubin levels rise?

A

Conjunctiva

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5
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

The conjunctiva is a tissue that lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the sclera (the white of the eye)

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6
Q

What is pre hepatic jaundice?

A

Excessive red cell breakdown which overwhelms the liver’s ability to conjugate bilirubin. This causes an unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia.

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7
Q

What is hepatic jaundice?

A

Dysfunction of the hepatic cells. The liver loses the ability to conjugate bilirubin

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8
Q

What is post hepatic jaundice?

A

Obstruction of biliary drainage

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9
Q

Potential causes for pre hepatic jaundice? (4)

A
  • Malaria
  • Sickle cell anaemia
  • Thalassemia
  • Gilbert’s syndrome
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10
Q

Potential causes for hepatic jaundice? (6)

A
  • Viral Hepatitis
  • Drug induced hepatitis
  • Alcoholic liver disease
  • Hepatotoxicity
  • Cirrhosis
  • Leptospirosis
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11
Q

Potential causes for post hepatic jaundice? (4)

A
  • Gallstone
  • Pancreatic cancer
  • Liver flukes
  • Stricture of bile duct
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12
Q

What does the outer envelope of the HBV contain? (3)

A
  • Hepatitis B surface antigen protein (HBsAg)
  • Glycoproteins
  • Cellular lipid
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13
Q

Where is the highest prevalence of the HBV infection?

A

Sub-saharan Africa and East Asia

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14
Q

What are the modes of transmission for HBV? (5)

A
  • Perinatal
  • Sexual
  • Blood transfusion
  • Intravenous drug user
  • Needle-stick injury
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15
Q

What does the Hepatitis B vaccination contain?

A

HBsAg adsorbed onto aluminium hydroxide adjuvant

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16
Q

What percentage of adults are non responders to the Hep B vaccine?

A

10% - 15%

17
Q

What would be the antibody titre for a;

  • Non responder
  • Poor responder
  • Good responder
A
  • <10
  • 10-100
  • > 100
18
Q

If a person has an antibody titre of <10 (besides being a non responder) would could this suggest? (3)

A
  • Natural immunity due to past infection
  • Incubating actue Hep B
  • Carrier of Hep B
19
Q

Interpret the following

HBsAg (-)
Anti-HBc (-)
Anti-HBs (-)

A

Susceptible to Hep B

20
Q

Interpret the following

HBsAg (-)
Anti-HBc (+)
Anti-HBs (+)

A

Immune due to natural infection

21
Q

Interpret the following

HBsAg (-)
Anti-HBc (-)
Anti-HBs (+)

A

Immune due to Hep B vaccination

22
Q

Name 2 treatments for HBV

A
  • Lamivudine

- Interferon

23
Q

What is Hepatitis D?

A

Virus that requires HBV for its replication. HDV infection occurs only simultaneously or as super-infection with HBV.

24
Q

What are the routes of transmission for HCV? (4)

A
  • Blood transfusion
  • Intravenous injection
  • Nosocomial transmission (Hospital transmission from needle stick, colonoscopy)
  • Rarely sexually transmitted
25
Q

What is the treatment available for HCV? (2)

A
  • Pegylated interferon
  • Ribavirin
    (Used together)
26
Q

What type of vaccination is available for HCV?

A

No vaccination available

27
Q

What is the structure of the Hepatitis A virus?

Enveloped?
Shape?
Single/Double stranded?
Sense?
Type of RNA?
A
  • Non-enveloped
  • Spherical
  • Single stranded
  • Positive sense
  • Linear RNA
28
Q

What is the structure of the Hepatitis C virus?

Enveloped?
Shape?
Single/Double stranded?
Sense?

A
  • Enveloped
  • Spherical
  • Single stranded
  • Positive sense
29
Q

What are the risk factors of HAV? (5)

A
  • Children/Staff in childcare facilities
  • Patients/Staff in mental health institutions
  • Homosexual males
  • Intravenous drug user
  • Travellers in endemic areas
30
Q

What are some of the symptoms of Acute Hepatitis A?

A
  • Fever
  • Headache
  • Malaise
  • Anorexia
  • Vomiting
  • Weight loss
31
Q

What is Cholestasis?

What is it a clinical feature of?

A
  • Dark urine and pale stools

- HAV

32
Q

When investigating HAV what do the presence of the following antibodies indicate?

  • HAV IgM
  • HAV IgG
A
  • HAV IgM indicates acute phase of infection

- HAV IgG indicates past infection

33
Q

What is the structure of the Hepatitis E virus?

Enveloped?
Shape?
Single/Double stranded?
Sense?

A
  • Non-enveloped
  • Spherical
  • Single stranded
  • Positive sense
34
Q

What are the routes of transmission for HEV? (4)

A
  • Waterborne
  • Foodborne
  • Blood transfusion
  • Zoonotic transmission (animals)
35
Q

When investigating HEV what do the presence of the following antibodies indicate?

  • HEV IgM
  • HEV IgG
A
  • HEV IgM indicates acute phase of infection

- HEV IgG indicates past infection

BDS 2: CHHD (28 decks)

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