Bacterial Infections Flashcards
What is Koch’s postulates?
Four criteria designed to establish a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease
What are the 4 criteria of Koch’s postulates?
MO = Microorganism
- The MO must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease (not healthy)
- The MO must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture
- The cultured microorganisms should cause disease when introduced into healthy organism
- The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent
What are the 4 criteria of the alternative to Koch’s postulates?
- A microbe should be present in sufficient numbers to initiate disease
- The microbe should generate high levels of specific antibodies
- The microbe should produce relevant virulence factors
- Elimination of the microbe should result in clinical improvement
Explain the ecological plaque hypothesis
Disease is a result of a shift in the balance of the resident microflora due to a response to a change in local environmental conditions (ie pH)
What are the two types of oral abscess?
- Dentoalveolar abscess
- Periodontal abscess
What is a Dentoalveolar abscess?
- Infection at the apex of the roots
- Can be new or result of existing granuloma
- Could be localised in alveolar bone or spread to soft tissue
What is a Periodontal abscess?
Due to occlusion of the opening of the periodontal pocket or impaction of foreign bodies in the periodontium (ie food)
How would you treat a dentoalveolar abscess? (2)
- Drainage of pus and removal of source of infection by RCT
- Extraction
How would you treat a periodontal abscess? (2)
- Periodontal treatment
- Extraction
What is bacterial sialadenitis?
What can cause this? (2)
- Infection of a salivary gland
- Obstructing stone
- Gland hyposecretion
What are some risk factors of bacterial sialadenitis? (3)
- Dehydration
- Reduced salivary flow
- Abnormalities in salivary gland
What are the microorganisms that cause bacterial sialadenitis? (3)
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Alpha haemolytic Streptococcus
- Anaerobes
How would you manage bacterial sialadenitis? (3)
- Prescribe antibiotics
- Increased fluid intake
- Surgical drainage (if severe)
What is acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG)?
Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis is a painful infection of the gums
What are some risk factors associated with ANUG? (6)
- Poor oral hygiene
- Smoking
- Stress
- Malnutrition
- Vitamin deficiency
- Immunodeficiency
How do you manage ANUG? (4)
- Mechanical cleaning by scaling and debridement
- Oral hygiene improvement
- Metronidazole 200mg or Amoxicillin 500mg
- Chlorhexidine mouthwash BD
What is NOMA?
Gangrene of the mouth and face
Death of tissue
What are some risk factors associated with NOMA? (5)
- ANUG
- Malnutrition
- Poor Oral hygiene
- Serious illness
- Immunosuppression
What are the 3 phases of NOMA?
- Acute phase
- Gangrene phase
- Scarring phase
What is Actinomycosis
Infectious disease in which bacteria spread from one part of the body to another through body tissues. (Abscesses, pain, and inflammation)
Actinomycosis is most common in the cervicofacial region. Where are other less frequent areas of this disease?
- CNS
- Thoracic
- Abdominal
- Pelvic
What are some dental risk factors associated with actinomycosis? (5)
- Dental caries
- Extraction
- Gingivitis/Gingival trauma
- Poor oral hygiene
- Immunosuppression
What are the treatments for actinomycosis?
- Surgical drainage
- Removal of dead tissue followed by long course penicillin or erythromycin
What microorganism causes Staphylococcal mucositis?
Staphylococcus aureus
What are the risk factors associated with Staphylococcal mucositis? (4)
- Old age
- Semi-comatose
- Dehydration
- Crohn’s disease
What is the clinical picture for someone with Staphylococcal mucositis?
Start with oral discomfort and mucosal erythema, progress to wide spread crusting and bleeding of the oral mucosa
Treatment for Staphylococcal mucositis? (2)
- Regular oral lavage
- Anti-staphylococcal antibiotic
What are the 4 stages of syphilis?
- Primary
- Secondary
- Latent
- Tertiary
What is primary syphilis?
When a small sore appears where the bacteria has entered your body.
(Resolves in 3-12 weeks)
What is secondary syphilis?
Highly infectious rash spreads across the body that occur a few weeks after primary resolution.
(Resolves in 2-6 weeks)
What is latent syphilis?
Those not treated for syphilis, the disease moves from the secondary stage to the hidden (latent) stage, when you have no symptoms.
The latent stage can last for years. Signs and symptoms may never return.
What is tertiary syphilis?
When not initially treated 3-15 years after initial infection, bacteria can damage your brain, nerves, eyes, heart, blood vessels, liver, bones and joints.
