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BDS 2: CHHD > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

Define cardiovascular disease

A

Diseases of the heart and circulation

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2
Q

Why is cardiovascular disease more common in children and adults in the developed world?

A

Due to a high prevalence of obesity

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3
Q

What is considered a good blood pressure?

A

120/80 mmHg

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4
Q

What is considered a high blood pressure?

A

140/90 mmHg

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5
Q

What is type hypertension is the most common?
What causes this disease?
Is it hereditary?

A
  • Primary hypertension most common
  • Multiple factors so direct cause unknown
  • Can be hereditary
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6
Q

How can secondary hypertension occur? (4)

A
  • Result of renal diseases
  • Result of endocrine diseases (hyperthyroidism)
  • Coarctation of the aorta (narrowing)
  • Excessive drug/alcohol intake
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7
Q

Is hypertension symptomatic?

A

Usually asymptomatic until complications develop in target organs

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8
Q

Severe or prolonged hypertension increases the risk of? (4)

A
  • Coronary artery disease
  • Heart failure
  • Stroke (particularly haemorrhagic)
  • Renal failure
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9
Q

What are some complications linked with hypertension? (5)

A
  • Arteriolosclerosis
  • Narrowing of arteriolar lumen in kidney
  • Increased after load leading to heart failure
  • Thoracic aortic dissection
  • Abdominal aortic aneurysms
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10
Q

How would you investigate hypertension? (4)

A
  • BP measurements with sphygmomanometers
  • Urinalysis
  • Blood tests
  • Electrocardiogram (ECG)
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11
Q

Dental Relevance of hypertension

A
  • Patients with stable hypertension can be treated

- Hypertensive drugs can impact oral health

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12
Q

What Atherosclerosis?

A

Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries

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13
Q

What does plaque contain? (4)

A
  • Lipids
  • Inflammatory cells
  • Smooth muscle cells
  • Connective tissue
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14
Q

What is stable plaque

A

Plaque that may:

  • Regress
  • Remain static
  • Grow slowly
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15
Q

What is unstable plaque

A

Plaque which is vulnerable to spontaneous rupture, erosion or fissuring

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16
Q

Stable exertional angina, transient ischaemic attacks and intermittent claudication can all result due to which plaque build up?

A

Stable Plaque

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17
Q

Unstable angina, myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke can all result due to which plaque build up?

A

Unstable Plaque

18
Q

How would you investigate Atherosclerosis? (3)

A
  • CT angiography
  • Blood tests
  • Catether-based imaging tests
19
Q

What is Angina?

A

Chest pains due to the heart not getting enough oxygen (ischemia) due to narrowed arteries

20
Q

Describe stable angina

A
  • Predictable

- Increased workload leads to ischaemia

21
Q

Where can symptoms of angina radiate to? (6)

A
  • Left shoulder
  • Inside left arm
  • Back
  • Throat
  • Jaw
  • Teeth
22
Q

How would you investigate Angina? (3)

A
  • ECG
  • Coronary artery angiography
  • Intravascular ultrasonography
23
Q

What is a myocardial infarction

A

Myocardial necrosis (tissue death) resulting from acute obstruction of a coronary artery

24
Q

How can you temporarily relieve a myocardial infarction?

A

Rest or glyceryl trinitrate

25
Q

What is infective endocarditis?

A

Rare condition associated with microbial infection of the endocardial surface of the heart (heart valves)

26
Q

What increases the risk of infective endocarditis? (4)

A
  • Prosthetic valves
  • Previous Infective endocarditis
  • Acquired valvular heart disease
  • Congenital heart defect
27
Q

How long does acute bacterial endocarditis take to occur?

A

Within 7 days of infection

28
Q

How long does sub-acute bacterial endocarditis take to occur?

A

Within 2-3 weeks of infection

29
Q

Which bacteria most commonly causes acute bacterial endocarditis?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

30
Q

Which bacteria most commonly causes sub-acute bacterial endocarditis?

A

Streptococcus viridans

31
Q

List some symptoms of infective endocarditis

A
  • Flu-like symptoms
  • Fever
  • Anorexia
  • Malaise (discomfort)
  • Night sweats
  • Haematuria (blood in urine)
32
Q

Why isn’t infective endocarditis treated?

A
  • Very rare
  • Increased resistant bacteria
  • High costs
33
Q

Where does the the bacteria for infective endocarditis arise from?

A

Tooth brushing and chewing

34
Q

How can patients at risk of infective endocarditis reduce chance of infection? (4)

A
  • Maintain good oral health
  • Receive intensive preventative oral healthcare
  • Informed of risks
  • Made aware of symptoms
35
Q

What is heart failure?

A

Syndrome of left and/or right ventricular dysfunction

36
Q

What are the causes of left ventricular heart failure? (7)

A
  • Coronary artery disease
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Hypertension
  • Obesity
  • Valvular heart disease
  • Hyperthyroid disease
  • Substance abuse
37
Q

What are the causes of right ventricular heart failure? (3)

A
  • Previous left ventricular failure
  • Severe lung disorder
  • Multiple pulmonary emboli
38
Q

How many people with CVD live in the UK?

A

7.4 million people

39
Q

What % of deaths/year in the UK are CVD related?

A

27%

40
Q

How would you manage hypertension? (4)

A
  • Weight loss
  • Smoking cessation
  • Dietary changes
  • Medication
41
Q

What is atherosclerosis initiated by?

A

Initiated by endothelial injury

42
Q

How would you investigate heart failure?

A
  • Full blood count
  • Electrolyte and urea
  • Thyroid function test
  • ECG
  • Chest radiography
  • Echocardiography
  • Coronary angiography
  • Cardiac MRI

BDS 2: CHHD (28 decks)

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