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BDS 2: CHHD > Antimicrobial Agents > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Agents Flashcards

1
Q

Define antimicrobials

A

Drugs with activity against microorganisms including antibacterial, antivirals, antifungals and antiparasitic agents

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2
Q

Define antibiotic

A

Chemical compound made by a microorganism that inhibits or kills other microorganisms at low concentrations. Does not include synthetic agents.

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3
Q

What do bactericidal agent do?

A

Bactericidal agents kill bacteria

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4
Q

What do bacteriostatic agent do?

A

Bacteriostatic agents inhibit growth of bacteria

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5
Q

What is the bacteria that penicillin is derived from?

A

Penicillium notatum

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6
Q

What are the conditions for the ideal antimicrobial agent? (8)

A
  • Selective toxicity against microbial target
  • Minimal toxicity to the host
  • Cidal activity (kill micro-organisms)
  • Long plasma half-life
  • Good tissue distribution
  • Low binding to plasma proteins
  • Oral and parental preparations
  • No adverse interactions with other drugs
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7
Q

What are some mechanisms of action for antimicrobials? (5)

A
  • Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
  • Inhibition of protein synthesis
  • Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
  • Inhibition of folate synthesis
  • Disruption of the cytoplasmic membrane
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8
Q

What are some mechanisms of resistance for antimicrobials? (5)

A
  • Production of enzymes
  • Alteration in the outer- membrane permeability
  • Alteration of target sites
  • Efflux pumps
  • Alteration of metabolic pathways
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9
Q

What problems arise from human use of antibacterials? (5)

A
  • Adverse effects
  • Drugs interactions
  • Few organisms become virtually untreatable
  • Rising rates of resistance
  • Superinfection
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10
Q

What is antimicrobial stewardship? (4)

A

A coordinated program that aims to:

  1. Promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials
  2. Improves patient outcomes
  3. Reduces microbial resistance
  4. Decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
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11
Q

What is the mode of action for drugs in the penicillin family?

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin binding proteins and inhibiting transpeptidation of peptidoglycan

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12
Q

What is the mode of resistance for drugs in the penicillin family? (3)

A
  • Resistance by Β-lactamases
  • Efflux
  • Low affinity binding of antibacterial to target penicillin binding proteins
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13
Q

Name some potential side effects of drugs from the penicillin family (6)

A
  • Allergic reaction (anaphylactic reaction)
  • Delayed hypersensitivity
  • GI complications (diarrhoea)
  • Renal complications
  • CNS complications (seizure)
  • Haemolytic anaemia
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14
Q

What can be given alongside penicillin to ensure effectiveness?

A

Beta- Lactamase inhibitors

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15
Q

Give some examples of macrolides (3)

A
  • Erythromycin
  • Clarithromycin
  • Azithromycin
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16
Q

What is the mode of action for macrolides?

A

Inhibit RNA-dependant protein synthesis

17
Q

What is the mode of resistance for macrolides?

A
  • Decreased outer membrane permeability
  • Efflux
  • Alteration in rRNA
  • Enzymatic inactivation by phosphotransferases
18
Q

Are drugs from the penicillin family bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

Bactericidal

19
Q

Are macrolides bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

Bacteriostatic

20
Q

What are some side effects of macrolides? (6)

A
  • GIT symptoms
  • Skin rash
  • Fever
  • Eosinophilia
  • Jaundice
  • Transient hearing loss
21
Q

What interactions do macrolides have with warfarin?

A

Potential for increase effect of warfarin because macrolides inhibit metabolism and clearance

22
Q

What is the mode of action for Clindamycin?

A

Inhibit RNA-dependant protein synthesis

23
Q

What is the mode of resistance for Clindamycin? (a lincosamide) (4)

A
  • Resistance by decrease outer membrane permeability
  • Alteration in rRNA
  • Alteration in 50S ribosomal proteins of the receptor sites
  • Enzymatic inactivation by transferase
24
Q

What are some side effects of Clindamycin? (5)

A
  • C. difficile colitis
  • Allergic reaction
  • Transient hepatitis
  • Neutopenia
  • Thrombocytopenia
25
Q

What is the mode of action for Tetracyclines?

A

Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis (30S)

26
Q

Are Tetracyclines bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

Bacteriostatic

27
Q

What is the mode of resistance for Tetracyclines? (3)

A
  • Resistance by efflux
  • Ribosomal protection protein
  • Enzymatic inactivation
28
Q

What are some side effects of Tetracyclines? (6)

A
  • GIT symptoms
  • Photosensitivity
  • Pigmentation
  • Deposition in growing bone and teeth
  • Superinfection
  • Allergy
29
Q

Name 2 examples of polyenes

A
  • Amphotericin (IV)

- Nystatin (PO)

30
Q

What is the mode of action for Nitroimidazoles?

A

Interact with nucleic acids and proteins causing breakage, destabilization and cell death

31
Q

What is the mode of action for Nitroimidazoles?

A

Interacts with ergosterol and forms a transmembrane ion channel in the fungal membrane which increases membrane permeability causing leakage of cell contents and cell death

32
Q

What are some side effects of Polyenes? (6)

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Nephrotoxicity
  • GIT upset,
  • Muscle and joint pain
  • Anaemia
  • Cardiovascular toxicity
33
Q

What is the mode of action for Azoles?

A

Inhibit the synthesis of ergosterol

34
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of Azoles?

A
  • Imidazoles

- Tiazoles

35
Q

Miconazole is an example of?

A

Imidazoles

36
Q

Fluconazole is an example of?

A

Tiazoles

37
Q

How do antivirals work? (5)

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Viral entry
  3. Viral uncoating
  4. Nucleic acid synthesis
  5. Assemble and release of viral particle

BDS 2: CHHD (28 decks)

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