Haematology 2 White Blood Cell disorders Flashcards
What are the two types of agranular leukocytes?
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
What are the three types of granular leukocytes?
- Basophil
- Neutrophil
- Eosinophil
What is leucocytosis?
An increase in the number of white cells in the blood (>11x10^9 /L)
When can reactive leucocytosis occur?
When there is infection or inflammation present
What happens to someone with leukaemia?
Over-production of abnormal white blood cells (leucocytosis)
What medication can be taken to combat leucocytosis?
Prednisolone
What are myeloproliferative diseases?
Blood cancers in which the bone marrow makes too many abnormal RBCs, WBCs or platelets
What is leucopenia?
Reduction in the number of white cells in the blood (< 4x10^9 / L)
What could cause leucopenia?
Overwhelming bacterial/viral infections
Acute leukaemia is the proliferation of which cells?
Proliferation of immature blast cells (“-blasts”)
Chronic leukaemia is the proliferation of which cells?
Proliferation of mature cells (“-cytes”)
In regards to leukaemia ALL is an acronym for what?
Which cells are affected?
- Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
- Lymphoblasts
In regards to leukaemia AML is an acronym for what?
Which cells are affected?
- Acute myeloid leukaemia
- Myeloblasts
In regards to leukaemia CML is an acronym for what?
Which cells are affected?
- Chronic myeloid leukaemia
- Myelocytes
In regards to leukaemia CLL is an acronym for what?
Which cells are affected?
- Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
- Lymphocytes
ALL is most prevalent in which age group?
More common in children
AML is most prevalent in which age group?
More common in adults
What are some of the signs and symptoms of someone with low RBCs? (3)
- Fatigue
- Pallor
- Inability to perform routine chores
What are some of the signs and symptoms of someone with low platelets? (3)
- Mucosal Bleeding
- Petechiae (spots on skin)
- Easy bruising/bleeding
What are some of the signs and symptoms of someone with low functional WBCs? (2)
- Increased susceptibility to infections
- Poor wound healing
What are some of the signs and symptoms of someone with low dysfunctional WBCs? (3)
- Unusual fullness
- Gingival enlargement
- Lymph node enlargement
What are lymphomas?
Malignant proliferation of the lymphocytes
What is Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?
B-cell dysfunction resulting in the accumulation of abnormal B cells
Name some clinical features of Hodgkins lymphoma (7)
- Lymph nodes enlargement
- Fatigue
- Night sweats
- Fever
- Anorexia
- Bone Pain
- Pruritus (itch)
What are the treatment options for Hodgkin’s lymphoma?
- Radiation therapy
- Chemo therapy
- Bone marrow transplant
What are the dental aspects to consider with Hodgkin’s lymphoma? (3)
- Increased oral infections
- Bleeding tendencies
- LA reginal blocks should be avoided if there is any bleeding tendencies
What is Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?
Affects B or T associated subtypes
What is Burkitt’s lymphoma?
Burkitt lymphoma is a form of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in which cancer starts in immune cells called B-cells.
What is multiple myeloma?
Proliferation of malignant plasma cells
What are the clinical features of multiple myeloma? (6)
- Anemia
- Petechiae
- Infections
- Bleeding
- Bone pain
- Osteoporosis
