Endocrine Disorders I Flashcards
What does the endocrine system coordinate?
Coordinates the function of different organs through chemical messengers called hormones
What are molecules hormones classified as? (3)
Classified as peptides, steroids or amino acids
What are hormones produced by?
Produced by endocrine glands and released in the bloodstream
What causes endocrine disorders?
Either an overproduction or underproduction of hormones
What can cause an irregular production of hormones? (3)
- Primary dysfunction of gland
- Secondary dysfunction of gland
- Receptor dysfunction
What are some osmotic symptoms of diabetes mellitus? (4)
- Polyuria (Frequent urination)
- Polydipsia (great thirst)
- Nocturia (wake up at night to urinate)
- Weight loss
What is polyuria?
Frequent urination
What is polydipsia?
Always feeling thirsty
What is nocturia?
Passing urine frequently at night
What are some non osmotic clinical features of diabetes mellitus? (3)
- Lethargy
- Visual Blurring
- Recurrent infections
What are some microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus? (3)
Micro think pathy
- Retinopathy
- Nephropathy
- Neuropathy
What are some macrovascular complications of diabetes mellitus? (4)
- Myocardial infarctions
- Transient ischaemic attacks
- Stroke
- Increased chance of fungal infection due to hyperglycaemic affect on T-cells
You can diagnose diabetes when
Random blood glucose is?
Fasting blood glucose is?
- > 11.1 mmol/L
- >7.0 mmol/L
What is the HbA1c reading for a patient with diabetes?
> 48 mmol/mol
What does the HbA1c test indicate?
Levels of glycated haemoglobin
When would a HbA1c test not be appropriate to use when testing for diabetes?
When patient possesses a haemoglobin disorder such as sickle cell anaemia
Treatment for type 1 diabetes
Insulin injections
Treatment for type 2 diabetes
- Lifestyle changes
- Combination therapy
- Diet low in saturated fat/cholesterol
Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes
Biguanides;
Example?
Method?
- Metformin
- Reduces target tissue resistance
Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes
Sulphonylureas;
Example?
Method?
- Gliclazide
- Stimulates insulin release
Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes
Thiozolinediones;
Example?
Method?
- Pioglitazone
- Alleviates insulin resistance
Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes
α-glucosidase inhibitors;
Example?
Method?
- Acarbose
- Delays intestinal breakdown of oligosaccharides to glucose
Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes
Meglitinides;
Example?
Method?
- Repaglinide
- Stimulates insulin release
Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes
DDP-4 inhibitor;
Example?
Method?
- Sitagliptin
- Stimulates insulin production through GLP-1 pathway
Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes
SGLT-2 inhibitor;
Example?
Method?
- Dapagliflozin
- Excrete glucose through urine
GLP-1 analogue is a non-insulin injectable what does it do? (2)
Promotes weight loss and improves glycaemic control
Diabetes Mellitus can cause dental complications such as? (6)
- Chronic/aggressive periodontitis
- Severe dentoalveolar abscesses
- Dry mouth
- Oral lichenoid reaction
- Oral candidiasis
- Angular Chelitis
