Endocrine Disorders I

Question 1

What does the endocrine system coordinate?

Answer 1

Coordinates the function of different organs through chemical messengers called hormones

Question 2

What are molecules hormones classified as? (3)

Answer 2

Classified as peptides, steroids or amino acids

Question 3

What are hormones produced by?

Answer 3

Produced by endocrine glands and released in the bloodstream

Question 4

What causes endocrine disorders?

Answer 4

Either an overproduction or underproduction of hormones

Question 5

What can cause an irregular production of hormones? (3)

Answer 5

• Primary dysfunction of gland
• Secondary dysfunction of gland
• Receptor dysfunction

Question 6

What are some osmotic symptoms of diabetes mellitus? (4)

Answer 6

• Polyuria (Frequent urination)
• Polydipsia (great thirst)
• Nocturia (wake up at night to urinate)
• Weight loss

Question 7

What is polyuria?

Answer 7

Frequent urination

Question 8

What is polydipsia?

Answer 8

Always feeling thirsty

Question 9

What is nocturia?

Answer 9

Passing urine frequently at night

Question 10

What are some non osmotic clinical features of diabetes mellitus? (3)

Answer 10

• Lethargy
• Visual Blurring
• Recurrent infections

Question 11

What are some microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus? (3)

Micro think pathy

Answer 11

• Retinopathy
• Nephropathy
• Neuropathy

Question 12

What are some macrovascular complications of diabetes mellitus? (4)

Answer 12

• Myocardial infarctions
• Transient ischaemic attacks
• Stroke
• Increased chance of fungal infection due to hyperglycaemic affect on T-cells

Question 13

You can diagnose diabetes when

Random blood glucose is?
Fasting blood glucose is?

Answer 13

• > 11.1 mmol/L

- >7.0 mmol/L

Question 14

What is the HbA1c reading for a patient with diabetes?

Answer 14

> 48 mmol/mol

Question 15

What does the HbA1c test indicate?

Answer 15

Levels of glycated haemoglobin

Question 16

When would a HbA1c test not be appropriate to use when testing for diabetes?

Answer 16

When patient possesses a haemoglobin disorder such as sickle cell anaemia

Question 17

Treatment for type 1 diabetes

Answer 17

Insulin injections

Question 18

Treatment for type 2 diabetes

Answer 18

• Lifestyle changes
• Combination therapy
• Diet low in saturated fat/cholesterol

Question 19

Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes
Biguanides;

Example?
Method?

Answer 19

• Metformin

- Reduces target tissue resistance

Question 20

Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes
Sulphonylureas;

Example?
Method?

Answer 20

• Gliclazide

- Stimulates insulin release

Question 21

Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes
Thiozolinediones;

Example?
Method?

Answer 21

• Pioglitazone

- Alleviates insulin resistance

Question 22

Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes
α-glucosidase inhibitors;

Example?
Method?

Answer 22

• Acarbose

- Delays intestinal breakdown of oligosaccharides to glucose

Question 23

Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes
Meglitinides;

Example?
Method?

Answer 23

• Repaglinide

- Stimulates insulin release

Question 24

Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes
DDP-4 inhibitor;

Example?
Method?

Answer 24

• Sitagliptin

- Stimulates insulin production through GLP-1 pathway

Question 25

Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes
SGLT-2 inhibitor;

Example?
Method?

Answer 25

• Dapagliflozin

- Excrete glucose through urine

Question 26

GLP-1 analogue is a non-insulin injectable what does it do? (2)

Answer 26

Promotes weight loss and improves glycaemic control

Question 27

Diabetes Mellitus can cause dental complications such as? (6)

Answer 27

• Chronic/aggressive periodontitis
• Severe dentoalveolar abscesses
• Dry mouth
• Oral lichenoid reaction
• Oral candidiasis
• Angular Chelitis