CARDIOLOGY DUPLICATES Flashcards
How many people with CVD live in the UK?
7.4 million people
What % of deaths/year in the UK are CVD related?
27%
What is secondary hypertension?
High blood pressure that’s caused by another medical condition;
- Renal diseases
- Endocrine diseases
- Coarctation of the aorta
- Excessive alcohol intake
- Drugs
What is the most common cause of secondary hypertension?
Renal diseases (Roughly 80% of cases)
What does severe/prolonged hypertension increase the risk of? (5)
- Coronary artery disease
- Heart failure
- Stroke
- Renal failure
- Death
Is hypertension usually symptomatic or asymptomatic?
Usually asymptomatic until complications develop in target organs
What are some of the clinical features of hypertension?
- Dizziness
- Facial flushing
- Headache
- Fatigue
- Epistaxis
Name some complications linked with hypertension? (5)
- Arteriolosclerosis
- Narrowing of arteriolar lumen in kidney
- Increased after load leading to heart failure
- Thoracic aortic dissection
- Abdominal aortic aneurysms
How could you investigate hypertension? (4)
- Sphygmomanometers
- Urinalysis
- Blood tests
- ECG
How would you manage hypertension? (4)
- Weight loss
- Smoking cessation
- Dietary changes
- Medication
What is atherosclerosis?
Build up of patchy intimal plaques which encroach on the lumen of medium-sized and large arteries
In atherosclerosis would do the plaques contain? (4)
- Lipids
- Inflammatory cells
- Smooth muscle cells
- Connective tissue
What is atherosclerosis initiated by?
Initiated by endothelial injury
What are some of the risk factors of atherosclerosis
- Hyperlipidemia
- Diabetes
- Cigarette smoking
- Family history
- Obesity
- Hypertension
Regarding atherosclerosis;
What is stable plaque?
What is unstable plaque?
- Regress, remain static or grow slowly
- Vulnerable to spontaneous rupture, erosion or fissuring
