CARDIOLOGY DUPLICATES Flashcards
How many people with CVD live in the UK?
7.4 million people
What % of deaths/year in the UK are CVD related?
27%
What is secondary hypertension?
High blood pressure that’s caused by another medical condition;
- Renal diseases
- Endocrine diseases
- Coarctation of the aorta
- Excessive alcohol intake
- Drugs
What is the most common cause of secondary hypertension?
Renal diseases (Roughly 80% of cases)
What does severe/prolonged hypertension increase the risk of? (5)
- Coronary artery disease
- Heart failure
- Stroke
- Renal failure
- Death
Is hypertension usually symptomatic or asymptomatic?
Usually asymptomatic until complications develop in target organs
What are some of the clinical features of hypertension?
- Dizziness
- Facial flushing
- Headache
- Fatigue
- Epistaxis
Name some complications linked with hypertension? (5)
- Arteriolosclerosis
- Narrowing of arteriolar lumen in kidney
- Increased after load leading to heart failure
- Thoracic aortic dissection
- Abdominal aortic aneurysms
How could you investigate hypertension? (4)
- Sphygmomanometers
- Urinalysis
- Blood tests
- ECG
How would you manage hypertension? (4)
- Weight loss
- Smoking cessation
- Dietary changes
- Medication
What is atherosclerosis?
Build up of patchy intimal plaques which encroach on the lumen of medium-sized and large arteries
In atherosclerosis would do the plaques contain? (4)
- Lipids
- Inflammatory cells
- Smooth muscle cells
- Connective tissue
What is atherosclerosis initiated by?
Initiated by endothelial injury
What are some of the risk factors of atherosclerosis
- Hyperlipidemia
- Diabetes
- Cigarette smoking
- Family history
- Obesity
- Hypertension
Regarding atherosclerosis;
What is stable plaque?
What is unstable plaque?
- Regress, remain static or grow slowly
- Vulnerable to spontaneous rupture, erosion or fissuring
How could you investigate atherosclerosis? (3)
- CT angiography
- Blood tests
- Catheter-based imaging tests
How would you manage atherosclerosis? (4)
- Dietary changes
- Exercise
- Smoking cessation
- Drugs
What is angina pectoris?
Precordial discomfort or pressure due to transient myocardial ischemia without infarction
When is angina triggered?
Cardiac workload and myocardial oxygen demand exceed supply of oxygenated blood via narrow coronary arteries
(Exertion or Strong emotion)
What are some of the clinical features of angina pectoris?
- Triggered by exertion or song emotion
- Persists for few minutes
- Discomfort beneath sternum
- Can radiate to left shoulder, inside of left arm, back, throat, jaw and teeth
What is nocturnal angina?
Chest pain whilst sleeping
How would you investigate angina pectoris? (3)
- ECG
- Coronary artery angiography
- Intravascular ultrasonography
For angina which drugs relieve acute symptoms?
Sublingual nitroglycerin
For angina which drugs prevent or reduce ischemia? (2)
- Antiplatelet Drugs
- Beta blockers
For angina which drugs prevent future ischemic events? (2)
- Ca2+ channel blockers
- Long acting nitrates
What is a myocardial infarction?
Myocardial necrosis resulting from acute obstruction of a coronary artery
How would you investigate myocardial infarction? (3)
- ECG
- Serial cardical markers
- Coronary angiography
How would you treat a myocardial infarction? (4)
- Prehospital care
- Drug treatment
- Reperfusion
