Endocrine Disorders II Flashcards
What feedback mechanisms controls hypothalamic and pituitary hormone secretion?
Negative feedback mechanism
Name the glands under the influence of the pituitary and hypothalamus (3)
- Thyroid and parathyroid glands
- Adrenal glands
- Reproductive organs
What hormones are produced by the thyroid gland? (2)
Thyroxine hormones;
- T4
- T3
What effects do thyroid hormones have on the cardiovascular system? (4)
- Increased HR
- Increased cardiac contraction
- Increased cardiac output
- Peripheral vasodilation
What effects do thyroid hormones have on the CNS? (4)
- Normal brain development
- Normal intellectual development
- Emotional stability (adult)
What effects do thyroid hormones have on the gastrointestinal system? (3)
- Increased appetite
- Increased production of ‘digestive juices’
- Increased gastric motility
What effect does thyroid hormones have on the hematopoietic system?
Increased erythropoiesis
What effects do thyroid hormones have on the metabolic system? (3)
- Affects oxidative metabolism
- Increased oxygen consumption
- Promotes heat production
What effects do thyroid hormones have on the respiratory system? (3)
- Influences lung development
- Increased surfactant production
- Increased rate/depth of respirations
What effects do thyroid hormones have on the skeletal system? (4)
- Increased growth formation (indirect)
- Promotes bone formation
- Affects skeletal maturation - Necessary for progression of tooth development and eruption
Hyperthyroidism versus Hypothyroidism;
Cardiovascular system
Hyperthyroidism
- Tachycardia
(abnormally rapid HR)
Hypothyroidism
- Bradycardia
(abnormally slow HR)
Hyperthyroidism versus Hypothyroidism;
Metabolism
Hyperthyroidism
- Weight loss
Hypothyroidism
- Weight gain
Hyperthyroidism versus Hypothyroidism;
GI system
Hyperthyroidism
- Diarrhoea
Hypothyroidism
- Constipation
Hyperthyroidism versus Hypothyroidism;
Skin
Hyperthyroidism
- Palmar sweating
Hypothyroidism
- Dry skin
Hyperthyroidism versus Hypothyroidism;
Neurological
Hyperthyroidism
- Anxiety, insomnia, restless
Hypothyroidism
- Poor concentration, reduced fetal brain development
Hyperthyroidism versus Hypothyroidism;
Skeletal/muscle
Hyperthyroidism
- Proximal muscle weakness
Hypothyroidism
- Proximal muscle weakness
Hyperthyroidism versus Hypothyroidism;
Reproductive system
Hyperthyroidism
- Infertility
Hypothyroidism
- Infertility
Hyperthyroidism versus Hypothyroidism;
Temperature
Hyperthyroidism
- Intolerant to heat
Hypothyroidism
- Intolerant to cold
Hyperthyroidism versus Hypothyroidism;
T4/T3
TSH
Hyperthyroidism
- T4/T3 elevated
- TSH suppressed
Hypothyroidism
- T4/T3 low
- TSH elevated
What drugs would you use to treat Hyperthyroidism? (2)
- Beta blockers to slow HR
- Antithyroid medication such as Carbimazole and Propylthiouracil
What drugs would you use to treat Hypothyroidism?
Thyroxine replacement drugs
Which thyroidism increased your susceptibility to caries?
Hyperthyroidism
Which thyroidism increased your susceptibility to periodontal disease?
Hyperthyroidism
Which thyroidism causes the following dental problems?
Delayed dental eruption
Macroglossia
Microganthia
Malocclusion
Hypothyroidism
Which thyroidism causes the enlargement of extraglandular thyroid tissue?
Hyperthyroidism
What hormone is produced in the cortex of the adrenal gland?
Androgens (male sex hormone)
What hormones are produced in the medulla of the adrenal gland? (3)
- Cortisol
- Aldosterone
- Adrenaline
What is Addison’s disease?
Autoimmune disease that causes an underproduction of cortisol and aldosterone
What are some clinical features of Addison’s disease? (7)
- Hypotension
- Hypoglycaemia
- Weight loss
- Lethargy
- Anorexia
- Abdominal pain
- Skin and oral pigmentation
What causes secondary adrenal insufficiency?
Exogenous steroids
What are some clinical features of Hyperparathyroidism? (5)
“Moans, stones, bones, groans and psychiatric overtones”
- Abdominal pain
- Renal stones
- Bone pain, osteopaenia and osteoporosis
- Lethargy/fatigue
- Confusion, memory impairment, depression, hallucinations
What are some osmotic symptoms of Hyperparathyroidism? (3)
- Polyuria
- Polydipsia
- Urinary frequency
What is acromegaly?
Disorder that results in excess growth hormone
What are some clinical features of acromegaly? (8)
5 Features
3 Conditions
- Enlarged jaw
- Spaced teeth
- Macroglossia
- Coarse facial features
- Large spade like hands
- Osteoarthritis
- Cardiomyopathy
- Diabetes
What is Cushings’ syndrome?
Disorder that results in excess cortisol
Cortisol excess increases the risk of what conditions? (6)
- Hypertension
- Peptic ulcers
- Diabetes
- Osteoporosis & myopathy
- Immunosuppression
- Poor wound healing
What is Phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma?
Disorders that cause an excess production of catecholamine
What are the clinical features of pheochromocytomas? (7)
- High BP
- Heavy sweating
- Headache
- Tachycardia
- Tremors
- Facial pallor
- Shortness of breath (dyspnoea)
