Endocrine Disorders II

Question 1

What feedback mechanisms controls hypothalamic and pituitary hormone secretion?

Answer 1

Negative feedback mechanism

Question 2

Name the glands under the influence of the pituitary and hypothalamus (3)

Answer 2

• Thyroid and parathyroid glands
• Adrenal glands
• Reproductive organs

Question 3

What hormones are produced by the thyroid gland? (2)

Answer 3

Thyroxine hormones;

• T4
• T3

Question 4

What effects do thyroid hormones have on the cardiovascular system? (4)

Answer 4

• Increased HR
• Increased cardiac contraction
• Increased cardiac output
• Peripheral vasodilation

Question 5

What effects do thyroid hormones have on the CNS? (4)

Answer 5

• Normal brain development
• Normal intellectual development
• Emotional stability (adult)

Question 6

What effects do thyroid hormones have on the gastrointestinal system? (3)

Answer 6

• Increased appetite
• Increased production of ‘digestive juices’
• Increased gastric motility

Question 7

What effect does thyroid hormones have on the hematopoietic system?

Answer 7

Increased erythropoiesis

Question 8

What effects do thyroid hormones have on the metabolic system? (3)

Answer 8

• Affects oxidative metabolism
• Increased oxygen consumption
• Promotes heat production

Question 9

What effects do thyroid hormones have on the respiratory system? (3)

Answer 9

• Influences lung development
• Increased surfactant production
• Increased rate/depth of respirations

Question 10

What effects do thyroid hormones have on the skeletal system? (4)

Answer 10

• Increased growth formation (indirect)
• Promotes bone formation
• Affects skeletal maturation - Necessary for progression of tooth development and eruption

Question 11

Hyperthyroidism versus Hypothyroidism;

Cardiovascular system

Answer 11

Hyperthyroidism
- Tachycardia
(abnormally rapid HR)

Hypothyroidism
- Bradycardia
(abnormally slow HR)

Question 12

Hyperthyroidism versus Hypothyroidism;

Metabolism

Answer 12

Hyperthyroidism
- Weight loss

Hypothyroidism
- Weight gain

Question 13

Hyperthyroidism versus Hypothyroidism;

GI system

Answer 13

Hyperthyroidism
- Diarrhoea

Hypothyroidism
- Constipation

Question 14

Hyperthyroidism versus Hypothyroidism;

Skin

Answer 14

Hyperthyroidism
- Palmar sweating

Hypothyroidism
- Dry skin

Question 15

Hyperthyroidism versus Hypothyroidism;

Neurological

Answer 15

Hyperthyroidism
- Anxiety, insomnia, restless

Hypothyroidism
- Poor concentration, reduced fetal brain development

Question 16

Hyperthyroidism versus Hypothyroidism;

Skeletal/muscle

Answer 16

Hyperthyroidism
- Proximal muscle weakness

Hypothyroidism
- Proximal muscle weakness

Question 17

Hyperthyroidism versus Hypothyroidism;

Reproductive system

Answer 17

Hyperthyroidism
- Infertility

Hypothyroidism
- Infertility

Question 18

Hyperthyroidism versus Hypothyroidism;

Temperature

Answer 18

Hyperthyroidism
- Intolerant to heat

Hypothyroidism
- Intolerant to cold

Question 19

Hyperthyroidism versus Hypothyroidism;

T4/T3
TSH

Answer 19

Hyperthyroidism

• T4/T3 elevated
• TSH suppressed

Hypothyroidism

• T4/T3 low
• TSH elevated

Question 20

What drugs would you use to treat Hyperthyroidism? (2)

Answer 20

• Beta blockers to slow HR

- Antithyroid medication such as Carbimazole and Propylthiouracil

Question 21

What drugs would you use to treat Hypothyroidism?

Answer 21

Thyroxine replacement drugs

Question 22

Which thyroidism increased your susceptibility to caries?

Answer 22

Hyperthyroidism

Question 23

Which thyroidism increased your susceptibility to periodontal disease?

Answer 23

Hyperthyroidism

Question 24

Which thyroidism causes the following dental problems?

Delayed dental eruption
Macroglossia
Microganthia
Malocclusion

Answer 24

Hypothyroidism

Question 25

Which thyroidism causes the enlargement of extraglandular thyroid tissue?

Answer 25

Hyperthyroidism

Question 26

What hormone is produced in the cortex of the adrenal gland?

Answer 26

Androgens (male sex hormone)

Question 27

What hormones are produced in the medulla of the adrenal gland? (3)

Answer 27

• Cortisol
• Aldosterone
• Adrenaline

Question 28

What is Addison’s disease?

Answer 28

Autoimmune disease that causes an underproduction of cortisol and aldosterone

Question 29

What are some clinical features of Addison’s disease? (7)

Answer 29

• Hypotension
• Hypoglycaemia
• Weight loss
• Lethargy
• Anorexia
• Abdominal pain
• Skin and oral pigmentation

Question 30

What causes secondary adrenal insufficiency?

Answer 30

Exogenous steroids

Question 31

What are some clinical features of Hyperparathyroidism? (5)

“Moans, stones, bones, groans and psychiatric overtones”

Answer 31

• Abdominal pain
• Renal stones
• Bone pain, osteopaenia and osteoporosis
• Lethargy/fatigue
• Confusion, memory impairment, depression, hallucinations

Question 32

What are some osmotic symptoms of Hyperparathyroidism? (3)

Answer 32

• Polyuria
• Polydipsia
• Urinary frequency

Question 33

What is acromegaly?

Answer 33

Disorder that results in excess growth hormone

Question 34

What are some clinical features of acromegaly? (8)

5 Features
3 Conditions

Answer 34

• Enlarged jaw
• Spaced teeth
• Macroglossia
• Coarse facial features
• Large spade like hands
• Osteoarthritis
• Cardiomyopathy
• Diabetes

Question 35

What is Cushings’ syndrome?

Answer 35

Disorder that results in excess cortisol

Question 36

Cortisol excess increases the risk of what conditions? (6)

Answer 36

• Hypertension
• Peptic ulcers
• Diabetes
• Osteoporosis & myopathy
• Immunosuppression
• Poor wound healing

Question 37

What is Phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma?

Answer 37

Disorders that cause an excess production of catecholamine

Question 38

What are the clinical features of pheochromocytomas? (7)

Answer 38

• High BP
• Heavy sweating
• Headache
• Tachycardia
• Tremors
• Facial pallor
• Shortness of breath (dyspnoea)