Heart Altercations Flashcards
varicose veins
veins in which BLOOD has pooled; causes DISTENDED, TORTUOUS, and PALPABLE VEINS
varicose veins are caused by what:
- trauma
- gradual venous distention
- injury/standing for too long
common risk factors for varicose veins
- age
- female
- family hx
- obesity
- pregnancy
- DVT
- prior leg injury
chronic venous insufficiency
- inadequate VENOUS RETURN over a long period
- occurs from VARICOSE VEINS or VALVULAR INCOMPETENCE
- can cause VENOUS STASIS ULCERS
thrombus
blood clot that REMAINS attached to a vessel wall
thromboembolus
detached thrombus
thrombus formation in VEINS
- obstruction of venous flow leading to INCREASED VENOUS PRESSURE
triad of virchow
- VENOUS STASIS (immobile, age, heart failure)
- VENOUS ENDOTHELIAL DAMAGE (trauma, surgery, IV medications)
- ex. orthopedic trauma or surgeries
- HYPERCOAGULABLE STATES (inherited disorders, malignancy, pregnancy, oral contra. , hormone replacement)
- ex. pregnancy or factor V leiden mutation, prothrombin mutations, lack of protein S, C, or antithrombin
hypertension
- consistent elevation of systemic arterial BP
- sustained SBP of 130 mm Hg or above
- sustained DBP of 80 mm Hg or above
primary hypertension
- most common type of HTN
- also known as ESSENTIAL or IDIOPATHIC HTN
secondary hypertension
- caused by an UNDERLYING DISORDER that raises one’s PVR or CO
- more rare
- ex. renal disease, adrenocortical tumors, drugs
risk factors for primary HTN
- family hx
- diet (high Na, low K, Cal, & Mg)
- tobacco & alcohol intake
- obesity
- glucose intolerance
complicated hypertension
- the CHRONIC HTN DAMAGE to the BV and causes target ORGAN DAMAGE within the heart, kidneys, brain & eyes
myocardial hypertrophy
- myocardium becomes more thickened and scarred; leading to HT and preserved ejection fraction
- increased heart size = increased need of oxygen - heart contractility is impaired
hypertensive crisis
- rapid prog. HTN
where SBP is > 180 mmHg or DBP is >120 mm Hg - considered to be life-threatening
aneurysms
- local DILATION or OUTPOUCHING of the vessel wall or cardiac chamber
true aneurysms
weakening of all three layers of the vessel wall
false aneurysms
- type of EXTRAVASCULAR HEMATOMAS that communicate with the intravascular space
what vessels are most susceptible to aneurysms?
- the AORTA; ABDOMINAL AORTA
- mainly caused by HTN or ATHEROSCLEROSIS
- can lead to AORTIC DISSECTIOn or RUPTURE
thrombus formation
- blood clot that REMAINS attached onto the vessel wall
- mainly forms due to conditions where COAGUALTION processes are activated
(ex. inflammation, obstruction, infections)
embolism
a type of BOLUS of MATTER that is circulating in the bloodstream:
dislodged thrombus, air bubble, aggregate, foreign substance, fat, bacteria
thromboangiitis obliterans (buerger disease)
- type of AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE of the PERIPHERAL ARTERIES
- strong association with SMOKING
- thrombi is filled with INFLAMMATORY & IMMUNE CELLS = becomes organized + fibrotic creating PERMAMENT OCCLUSION in the peripheral arteries
manifestations - buerger disease
- pain & tenderness
- gangerous lesions or amputations
raynaud phenomenon
- type of EPISODIC VASOPASM in the ARTERIES of the FINGERS, less common in the toes
- its primary type is of UNKNOWN ORIGIN
- causes reduced BF in the fingers; creates TEMPORARY DISCOLORATION of the fingers (white or blue) *secondary type
what diseases are raynaud’s disease secondary to?
- COLLAGEN VASCULAR DISEASE
- PULM. HTN
- HYPOTHYROIDISM
- LONG TERM EXPOSURE to COLD ENVIRONMENT
atherosclerosis
- TYPE of ARTERIOsclerosis
- caused by the accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages within the ARTERIAL WALL - leads to the formation of a lesion known as PLAQUES
risk factors of atherosclerosis
smoking, HTN, diabetes, increased LDL, decreased HDL, autoimmunity
describe the PROGRESSION of ATHEROSCLEROSIS
- injured endothelial cells - inflammation; increased adhesion
- macrophages - growth factors; creation of more smooth muscle cells that create collagen = fibrous plague
- can begin to calcify & obstruct blood flow to distal tissues
[results = inadequate PERFUSION, ISCHEMIA, and NECROSIS]
- can begin to calcify & obstruct blood flow to distal tissues
peripheral arterial disease
- ATHEROSCLEROTIC disease of the ARTERIES that perfuse our limbs
- has the same risk factors for atherosclerosis (most prevalent in smokers & older patients)
intermittent claudication
- present in PAD
- lower extremities ischemia resulting from arterial obstruction in PAD - gradual or acute
- leg pain with ambulation
- manifestations:
- severe pain
- loss of pulses
- skin color changes
- manifestations:
