Antibiotics Overview Flashcards
antibiotic therapy
- needed to help the normal host defenses fight against an infection
- work the best when they work TOGETHER with our natural defense mechanisms
community-associated infection
defined as an infection that is acquired by a person who has NOT RECENTLY (within the past year) been HOSPITALIZED or had a MEDICAL PROCEDURE
healthcare-associated infection or NOSOCOMICAL INFECTION
- infection that a patient acquires during the COURSE OF TREATMENT for another condition in a health institution
- occurred more than 48 hours AFTER ADMISSION
empiric therapy
- where signs and symptoms of an infection appear long BEFORE a causative organism can be identified
- known to best kill the microorganisms that COULD be the common cause of the infection
- **must have OBTAINED CULTURE BEFORE drug therapy
definitive therapy
known as NARROW-SPECTRUM, searching for the LEAST TOXIC DRUG based on sensitivity results
prophylactic therapy
- given when patients are scheduled to UNDERGO a procedure; can have a likelihood of DANGEROUS MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION
- generally given 30 MINUTES before the incision to ensure adequate tissue penetration
superinfection
- when antibiotics REDUCE or completely ELIMINATE the normal bacterial flora
- killed due to ANTIBIOTICS, increased risk of bacteria or fungi to take over
antibiotic use is a strong factor in the development of what?
diarrhea - can cause disruption to the normal gut flora
what are some FOOD-DRUG INTERACTIONS?
- can affect the efficacy of antibiotic therapy
- ex. milk/cheese & tetracycline - decreased GI absorption of tetracycline
- ex. quinolone antibiotics /antacids with iron - decreased absorption of the medications
age-related factors (young)
- tetracyclines - cannot be taken, affects developing bones
- *quinolones - affect bone or cartilage development
- *sulfonamides - displaces bilirubin from albumin
age-related factors (older)
- decline of function in the KIDNEYS & LIVER
- important for metabolizing & eliminating antibiotics
- need for proper DOSAGE ADJUSTMENTS
teratogens
antibiotics can PASS THROUGH the PLACENTA and cause harm to the developing fetus
what are the COMMON ANTIBIOTIC CATEGORIES (7)?
- SULFONAMIDES
- PENICILLINS
- CEPHALOSPORINS
- MACROLIDES
- QUINOLONES
- AMINOGLYCOSIDES
- TETRACYCLINES
what are BETA-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS?
- antibiotics that work by INHIBITING SYNTHESIS of the BACTERIAL PEPTIDOGLYCAN CELL WALL + CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
- named based on the BETA-LACTAM RING within their chemical structure
beta-lactamase
- enzyme found on some bacterial strains
- provides BACTERIAL RESISTANCE from beta-lactam antibiotics
- works by breaking chemical bonds between C-N atoms in the beta-lactam ring - once broken the beta-lactam antibiotics LOSE THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL EFFICACY
how do antibiotics comeback the enzyme BETA-LACTAMASE?
- often have additional BETA-LACTAMASE INHIBIBITORS given with the antibiotic in order to comeback the enzyme
what are the SUBCLASSES of BETA-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS?
- PENICILLINS
- CEPHALOSPORINS
- CARBAPENEMS
- MONOBACTAMS
what are some MULTI-DRUG RESISTANT ORGANISMS?
- MRSA
- VANCOMYCIN-RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCUS (VRE) **seen in UTIS
- EXTENDED-SPECTRUM BETA-LACTAMASES (ESBLS) *resistant to all beta-lactam antibiotics
- CARBAPENEM-RESISTANT ORGANISMS
definition of MULTI-DRUG RESISTANT ORGANISMS
- organisms that are RESISTANT to one or more classes of antimicrobial drugs
- one of the world’s top health problems
