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Haematology - AS Flashcards

1
Q

Transfusion reaction

A

Haemolysis

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2
Q

Microctyic anaemia differentials

A

IDA
GI blood loss
ACD
BETA THALASSEMIA

TAILS:
thalassaemia, anaemia of chronic disease, ida, lead poisoning, sickle cell

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3
Q

Why do you get normoctyic anaemia with high ferritin

A

Infection (

Inflammation - RA

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4
Q

If a middle aged woman on NSAIDs and has anaemia, what’s the cause?

A

IDA (GI bleed)

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5
Q

Mnemonic for macrocytic anaemia causes

A

Alcoholics May Have Liver Failure:

Alcohol
Myelodysplasia (pancytopenia)
Hypothyroidism (lethargy, constipation, weight gain, low T4, high TSH)
Liver disease
Folate/B12 deficiency
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6
Q

A-E of liver disease

A 
Asterixis
Bruising
Clubbing
Dupuytren's
Erythema
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7
Q

What’s the MCV if it’s macrocytic

A

above 100

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8
Q

Management of sickle cell anaemia

A

Analgesia
Oxygen
IV fluids
Abx

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9
Q

Crises

A

Acute painful crisis
Stroke
Sequestration crises (RBC pooling in lung, spleen)
Gallstones, chronic cholecystitis

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10
Q

Management of stroke due to SCD

A

Exchange blood transfusion

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11
Q

Management of gallstones due to SCD

A

Cholecystectomy

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12
Q

Why do you get gallstones with SCD?

A

Recurrent haemolysis -> bilirubin

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13
Q

Why do you get gallstones with SCD?

A

Recurrent haemolysis -> bilirubin combines with calcium to form solid stones

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14
Q

Mnemonic for remmebering what to look out for in multiple myleoma

A

CRAB:

Calcium
Renal failure
Anaemia
Bone

Also:
infection
Cord compression

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15
Q

Presentation of calcium

A

Polyuria
Polydispisa
Abdo pain
Constipation

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16
Q

What fractures are most common in someone with multiple myeloma?

A

Collies (distal radius)
Spine
NOF

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17
Q

Hypercalcemia
Low PTH
Backache
Normal ALP

What’s the most likely cause?

A

Multiple myeloma

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18
Q

What suppresses the rise in ALP in malignancy?

A

Plasma cells suppress the osteoblasts that produce alk phosph

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19
Q

Anaemia with high reticulocyte count

A

Haemolyic crisis e.g. haemorrhage

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20
Q

Anaemia with low reticulocyte count

A

Parvovirus b19 nfection
aplastic crisis with SCA
Blodo transfusion

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21
Q

Fasting glucose range for diabetes

A

Above 7

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22
Q

Random glucose level for diabetes

A

Above 11.1

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23
Q

What would you do to test for diabetes?

A

Impaired glucose tolerance test

24
Q

Presentation of Graves

A 
Weight loss
Good appetite
Irritability
Palpitations
Irregular periods
25
Signs of graves
Pretibial myxoedema Tremor Proptosis Smooth goitre
26
What's proptosis as opposed to exopthalmos?
Proptosis - when you can see white of the eyes when a patient looks forwards Exopth eye forward
27
Which antibody are you looking for in Graves?
TSH Receptor stimulating antibodies
28
What will the uptake scan show in Graves?
Diffuse increased uptake
29
TPO antibodies mean what?
These can be up in any autoimmune thyroid disease, doesn't necessarily mean it's graves
30
Investigations for thyroid cancer
USS Fine needle aspiration cytology Uptake scan
31
What kind of surgery can you have for thyroid cancer
Papillary Follicular Medullary Anaplastic
32
What will you need to give after surgery
Thyroxine | Radioiodine
33
What might cause bitemporal hemianopia?
PROLACTINOMA
34
Prolactinoma treatment
Cabergoline FIRST | Then surgery if needed
35
Acromegaly presentation
``` Headache Sweating Poor sleep Snoring High IGF-1 ```
36
Normally, what should happen if we take dexamethasone?
Low cortisol next morning as it SUPPRESSES the ACTH but if ther'es a tumour, there's no suppressionso cortisol is high
37
What's the point of the synACTHen test?
If cortisol does not go up after synACTHen,
38
What's the insulin tolerance test?
Insulin tolerance test - causes hypoglycemia, so cortisol and growth hormone should go UP because normally glucose and growth hormone go in opposite directions The growth hormone goes up because it's trying to stimulate more glucose production But it doesn't
39
What's the point of the synACTHen test?
If cortisol does not go up after synACTHen, there's a problem
40
What happens in OGTT normally?
Glucose should normally SUPPRESS growth hormone, but if there's a tumour, it continues to be up
41
Cushings signs
Bruising Central adiposity Myopathy
42
Amenorrhoea/oligomenorrhoea differentials
``` Pregnancy Hypothalamus Pituitary Thyroid Ovaries ```
43
Amenorrhoea/oligomenorrhoea differentials
Pregnancy Hypothalamus - excessive exercise/low BMI Pituitary - excess prolactin tumour Thyroid - hyper/hypothyroidism Ovaries - PCOS or ovarian failure (high LH/FSH)
44
Hypokalemia presentation
Weakness Arrhythmia Polyuria (ADH doesn't work so you get nephrogenic diabetes insipidus)
45
Differentials for hypokalemia
Vomiting Diuretics Primary hyperaldosteronism
46
Low cal Low phosph High PTH
Vitamin D
47
High cal, low phosph, high pth
Primary hyperPTH
48
High cal Normal phosoph Low PTH
Hypercalcemia of malignancy
49
Low cal High phosph low PTH
Hypoparathyroidism
50
Low cal High phosph High PTH
Renal failure
51
Prerenal AKI causes
Hypovolemia | Sepsis
52
Renal causes of AKI
Drugs | Glomerulonephritis (esp if there is an active urine sediment i.e. blood and protein in urine)
53
What does 'active urine sediment' mean
blood and protein in urine
54
Post renal causes of AKI
Obstruction - do an USS
55
Renal artery stenosis????????????
Asymmetrical kidneys

DPD (38 decks)

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