GWA Middle East Test Prt. 2 Flashcards
Who was Atum (U = oo)
Creator God (Spit & created the Earth)
Geb
God of the Earth
Nut
Sky Goddess
Amun Re (A-maan Ray)
Sun God
Mut
Mother Goddess (of all living things)
Khonsu
Moon God
How many children did Geb & Nut have
5
Osiris
- God of the Underworld
- Judge of the Dead
- Origin: God of Vegetation
- Was killed by his Jealous brother
Isis
Queen of Gods
Who was the child of Osiris & Isis
Horus
Horus
- God of the Sky & Light
- Protector of Pharaohs
- Gets vengeance by banishing his uncle who killed his father
Set (Seth)
- Killed Osiris
- Was banished to wasteland
- God of Storms / Violence, Desert / Wasteland
Nephthys (Nef-is)
Goddess of Mourning
Who was the child of Set & Nephthys
Anubis
Anubis
God of Embalming
Ma’at
- Goddess of Truth & Justice
- Weighs with a feather (on top of her head)
Hathor (Hey-thor)
Goddess of Love & Joy (Venus/Aphrodite)
Bes
Protector of Women & Children (Pictured as a dwarf)
What was the Egyptian writing system
Hieroglyphics
What stone did Napoleon (His soldiers) discover
Rosetta Stone (in Rosetta)
Why is Hieroglyphics more difficult compared to other languages
Can be read in different directions
Who deciphered Hieroglyphics
Jean Francois Champollion
How do Hieroglyphics work
- Read in the direction the animals are facing
- Only write the letters pronounced
What was the civilization of Hittites (Hit-tights)
Location: Turkey & Syria (1650 - 1190 B.C)
Accomplishments: 1st to use Iron weapons
What was the civilization of Phoenicians (Fin-esh-ins)
Location: Lebanon (1500 - 539 B.C)
Accomplishments: 1st to have an alphabet
What was the civilization of Babylonians (Bab-alone-ians)
Location: Iraq ( 626 - 539 B.C)
Accomplishments: 2nd wonder of the world: Hanging Gardens of Babylon
What was the civilization of Lydians
Location: Turkey (1200 - 560 B.C)
Accomplishments: 1st to develop a money system (1st coins)
What was the civilization of Assyrians
Location: Northern Iraq (1500 B.C - 600 B.C)
Accomplishments: Built the 1st library (“Great Library”)
What was the civilization of Persians
Location: Middle East (530 B.C - 651 A.D)
Accomplishments: Great Royal road = 1st postal service
- 1st to develop a monotheistic religion (Zoroastrianism)
Who was “Mazda” in Zoroastrianism
Wise Spirit
Who was Ahriman in Zoroastrianism
Evil Spirit
What are some of the famous Egyptian rulers
King Tut, Cleopatra, Narmer / Menes (1st pharaoh), Khufu (4th)
Who was the most important Egyptian God
Amon / Ra (Sun God)
What was the central part of Egyptian religion
Afterlife
Where were commoners buried
Sand
Where were royalty buried
Tombs
What were tombs also called
Mastabas
How long did the embalming process take
70 Days
What was step 1. of the embalming process
Body is cleansed with water from the Nile and palm wine
What was the nickname for the Nile
“Giver of Life”
What was step 2. of the embalming process
Organs were removed, wrapped in linen to be placed in jars
What were the jars that the organs of Egyptians placed in
Canopic Jars
Which organs were placed in Canopic jars
Stomach, Intestines, Lungs, & Liver
What happened to the Heart during mummification
It was wrapped in linen and placed back in the body
What happened to the Brain during mummification
It was destroyed through the nasal cavity
What was step 3. of the embalming process
The body is stuffed with leaves and sawdust & sits for 30 days
What was the purpose of step. 3 of mumification
Try to fully dry out the body
What was step 4. of the embalming process
The body is again cleansed with water from the Nile again
What was step 5. of the embalming process
The body is covered with Natron (a desiccant) & sits for 15 days
What was step 6. of the embalming process
After cleansing the body again it is then wrapped with linen
What was step 7. of the embalming process
The body is placed in a sarcophagus (decorated to look like the deceased)
What was step 8. of the embalming process
After the 70 days a funeral procession is held with ceremonies staring with opening of the mouth
What was the “opening of the mouth”
A way of giving offering to the spirits of the body
What 2 spirits/souls did the Egyptians believe in upon Death
- Ka - Spirit that remains w/ the body
- Ba - Wandering spirits
What was the “False Door”
“Ka doors”: allowed the Ka to pass through them
What was the “Serdab”
Small statue of the dead to represent who they are the spirit of
What was the “Book of the Dead”
Guide book to the after life
Why were there treasures kept in the tomb
Any prized possessions they wanted to take w/ them to the after life
