Genetic & Blood Test Flashcards
Law of independent assortment
States that genes separate independently in meiosis
Sperm & egg meet
One allele from each to form to make a child
Incomplete dominance
Dominant allele is unable to fully express itself
Heterozygous black
Purebred recessive white
Child turns out white/tan
Codominance
Both alleles for a gene are fully expressed
AB
trait
genetically determined variant of a characteristic
feature, yellow flower
allele
different versions of a gene
one out of the genotype (1 letter)
gene
codes for a specific trait unit of heredity
dominant
gene thats expressed, capital
recessive
trait hidden by dominant, lower case
homozygous
2 of the same alleles TT or tt
heterozygous
person has 2 different alleles Tt
genotype
genetic make up of an organism, combination of genes for 1 or more specific traits TT, Tt, tt
phenotype
organisms appearance that results from the genotype TT-tall
probability
likely hood that a future event will occur, ratio 3:1
polygenic trait
describes a characteristic thats influenced by many genes
skin color, controlled by many genes
pedigree
chart shows occurence of genetic traits in several generations of a family
karyotype
photomicrograph of chromosomes
in blood types can a - recieve a positive?
positive receive -?
positive receives anything
negative can never receive a positive
heredity
passing of traits from parents to offspring
genetics
branch of science that studies heredity
gregor mendel
father of modern genetics
what did mendel use ?
peas
purebred examples
TT or tt
hybrid
Yy
genotype ratio
homo:hetero:homo recessive
phenotype ratio
D:r
what can you determine about a family using a pedigree ?
how traits are passed and who passed them
sex linked genetically inherited traits can appear in? males or females?
both males and females
Y-linked traits are inherited by ?
only males
red green color blindness is Xlinked
men who have this must have inherited the genes for it from ?
from their mothers
women = XX men = XY which of a mans grandparents could be the source of any of the genes on his y Chromosome ?
fathers father
which of a womens grandparents could NOT be the source of any of the genes on either he X chromosomes?
fathers father
how is blood type O expressed in genotype?
ii
blood A genotype
I^Ai or I^AI^A
blood B genotype
I^Bi or I^BI^B
blood AB genotype
I^AI^B
what blood is the universal donor ?
type O+
what blood is the universal receiver ?
AB+
homozygous for the B allele
I^BI^B
heterozygous for the A allele
I^Ai
type O
ii
type A and had a type O parent
I^Ai
Type AB
I^AI^B
blood can be donated to anybody
ii
can only get blood from type O donor
ii
antibodies in plasma for blood A
anti B
antibodies in plasma for blood B
anti A
antibodies in plasma for blood AB
none
antibodies in plasma for blood O
anti A & B
what do the antigens do ?
mark the type of blood you have
ex. type A blood has antigens A
type O blood has no antigens
coagulation
blood clumps together
Rh protein is present is it positive or negative ?
positive
letters on the outside/ inside of the punnett square representation
outside - mother & father genotypes
inside - chances of each childs genotype
difference between dihybrid & monohybrid cross
dihybrid has more combinations of alleles possible because 2 characteristics are crossed instead of 1
what gender is most likely to inherit a sex-linked trait ?
male because they only have 1 x-chromosome so the trait that is passed down is the trait they have
