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Bacteria & Viruses Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Classified by ..?

A

Shape
Nature of cell wall
Type of metabolism

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1
Q

Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic bacteria

A

Pro - no nucleus , no membrane bound organelles , unicellular
Eukaryotic - multicellular , nucleus , membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

What does bacteria do ?

A

Cause disease
Control agricultural pests
Converts processed foods (milk to yogurt)

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3
Q

What are viruses ?
What do they lack ?
What can’t they do ?
Replication ?

A 
Pathogens
Lack enzymes for metabolism 
Cannot make proteins
Use got for replication
Specific host cells (react differently)
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4
Q

Pathogenic bacteria

A

Can metabolize host
Antibiotic misuse
leads to antibiotic resistant bacteria

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5
Q

What are rod shaped bacteria called

A

Bacilli

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6
Q

What are spiral shaped bacteria called ?

A

Spirilla

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7
Q

What are round/spherical bacteria called ?

A

Cocci

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8
Q

What is the zone of inhibition

A

It’s the area of the measurement where bacterial growth stops growing

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9
Q

Antibiotics

A

Compounds that block the growth and reproduction of bacteria

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10
Q

Disinfectants

Antiseptics

A

Chemicals used to inhibit the growth of or kill bacteria on nonliving things
Antiseptics - on living bacteria

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11
Q

Heterotroph

A

Obtains food by eating other organisms for energy

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12
Q

Autotroph

A

Produces it’s own nutrients from environment/inorganic substances for energy
(Plants use photosynthesis)

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13
Q

Name 3 Protists

A

Euglena
Paramecium
Amoeba

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14
Q

How do amoebas move ?

A

By the pseudopodia

-finger like extensions that help it move

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15
Q

What structure contains the amoebas DNA ?

A

Nucleus

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16
Q

How does an amoeba reproduce ?

A

Goes through the cell cycle with mitosis, then the nucleus replicates the genetic material and the cytoplasm splits making 2 identical daughter cells

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17
Q

During unfavorable conditions, what does the amoeba form ?

Lack of water, cold, pollution

A

A cyst

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18
Q

What disease do amoebas cause ? Why ?

A

Amebic dysentery

Infected by drinking contaminated water

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19
Q

What kingdom does the amoeba belong to ?

A

Amoeba

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20
Q

Paramacias phylum & kingdom

A

Kingdom - Paramecium

Phylum - ciliophora

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21
Q

How do all members of the phylum ciliophora move ?

A

Move by cilia, tiny hairlike projections

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22
Q

Why can’t the paramecium change shape like the amoeba ?

A

Bc it has a thick outer membrane (pellicle)

Amoeba - has a cell membrane

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23
Q

What does the macronucleus & micronucleus do for the paramecium ?

A

Macronucleus - controls cellular respiration , protein synthesis , & digestion
Micronucleus - controls reproduction where there is an exchange of DNA

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24
Q

What is the function of the contractile vacuole

A

Used in animal cells to remove excess water

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25
Q

Waste exits the paramecium through what structure ?

A

Anal pore

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26
Q

What is the function of the trichocysts

A

Where the paramecium shoots tiny threads out of the cell to capture a predator or to make a bigger appearance

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28
Q

What 12 structures do the paramecium have ?

A 
Cilia 
Pellicle 
Macro/micro nucleus 
Contractile vacuole 
Mouth pore
Gullet
Food vacuole 
Anal pore
Trichocysts 
Ecto/endoplasm
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29
Q

bacteria vs virus
cell wall?
Movement?

A

b-YES, flagella & pili

v-n/a, host cell

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30
Q

Bacteria vs Virus

shapes

A

b- bacillius (rod)
spirilum (spiral)
coccus (round)
v- many such as helical, polyhedral, rods, etc

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31
Q

Bacteria vs Virus
body type ?
cell type

A

b- unicellular, prokaryote

v- NOT organisms but chemicals, not cells

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32
Q

Bacteria vs Virus
Nutrition ?
Reproduction ?

A

b- Autotroph (resources) Heterotroph (organisms) Chemotroph (Chemicals), Binary Fission- asexual where one cell pinches and forms 2
v- N/A, Lytic cycle, lysogenic cycle

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33
Q

Lytic vs lysogenic cycle

A

lytic- method of viral replication that results in the destruction of a host cell and the release of many new virus particles
lysogenic- method of viral replication where a viral genome is replicated as a provirus without destroying the host cell

34
Q

a virus that infects a bacteria

A

bacteriophage

35
Q

antibiotic resistance

A

ability of population of bacteria to survive the lethal effects of an antibiotic

36
Q

antibiotic

A

substance that inhibits the growth of or kills bacteria

37
Q

pilus

A

short thick harlike protein structure that allows a bacterium to attach to other bacteria and surfaces

38
Q

chemotroph

A

organism that gets its energy from chemicals taken from the environment

39
Q

endotoxin

A

toxin that occurs in the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria and that is released when the bacterial cell breaks apart

40
Q

exotoxin

A

potent, extracellular toxin released by some gram positive bacteria

41
Q

transformation

A

transfer of genetic material in the form of DNA fragments from one cell to another or from one organism to another

42
Q

conjugation

A

in algae and fungi, exchange of genetic material that occurs between 2 temporarily joined cells
in prokaryotes, process where 2 organisms bind together and one cell transfers DNA to other cell through the sex pilus structure

43
Q

transduction

A

transfer of bacterial gene from 1 bacterium to another through a bacteriophage

44
Q

capsule

A

protective layer of polysaccharides around the cell wall of a bacteria

45
Q

plasmid

A

circular DNA molecule thats usually found in bacteria and can replicate independent of the main chromosome

46
Q

virus

A

nonliving, infectious particle composed ofa nucleic acid and a protein coat ; can invade and destroy a cell

47
Q

Bacteria vs Virus
examples?
method of feeding?

A

b- strep, cavities, lyme disease…feeds off of host

v- HIV, common cold, flu…N/A

48
Q

Bacteria vs Virus

Aerobic or anaerobic ?

A

b- both

v- N/A

49
Q

Bacteria vs Virus

Structure ?

A

b- Cell wall, peptidoglycan

v- nucleic acid in a protein coat, either DNA or RNA

50
Q

Bacteria vs Virus

what does a virus not have ?

A

doesnt grow, metabolize, or have homeostasis

51
Q

aerobic/anaerobic

A

aerobic- with oxygen

anaerobic- doesnt need oxygen

52
Q

antibiotics only fight what ?

A

bacteria

53
Q

vaccine

A

small amount of virus

54
Q

kingdom of a protist ?

A

protista

55
Q

methods of movement from a protist ?

A

flagella, cilia, pseudopod

56
Q

what are the 3 types of protists ?

A

animal like, plant like, and fungus like

57
Q

animal like -

A

heterotrophs & they are grouped based on movements

58
Q

plant like -

A

autotroph
have cell walls
algae

59
Q

fungus like

A

decomposers
mold
not in the fungi kingdom because they can move (ex. mushrooms dont move)

60
Q

example of animal & plant like

A

animal- paramecia & amoeba

plant- euglena

61
Q

example of fungus like & what they are considered

A

ex. mold

considered chemotrophs bc they are decomposers

62
Q

how are protists classified /

A

easily classified by what they are not

Not animals, not plants, not fungi

63
Q

what are some general characteristics of a protist ?

A 
eukaryotic
unicellular or multicellular 
autotrophic or heterotrophic 
sexual or asexual (binary fission) reproduction 
living organisms
64
Q

what are protists considered ?

A

the junk drawer because they are specifically classified

65
Q 
euglena 
auto or hetero ?
locomotion ?
reproduction ?
phylum ?
A

auto & hetero
flagella
Sexual or Asexual
Eugleonophyta

66
Q 
paramecium 
auto or hetero ?
locomotion ?
reproduction ?
phylum ?
A

hetero
cilia
sexual - conjugation
protozoa

67
Q

which of the 3 types of protist have a cell wall

A

ONLY plant like !

68
Q

whats special about the paramecia

A

it has more than 1 nucleus

69
Q

What organelle carries out photosynthesis ?

A

chloroplasts (in euglena)

70
Q

on which end is the flagellum located ?

A

anterior (front end)

71
Q

2 ways the euglena gets their nutrients

A
  • absorbing them across their cell membrane - heterotrophic

- chloroplasts trap sunlight used for photosynthesis - autotrophic

72
Q

what is the eyespot used for ?

A

detects light- helps find bright ares of sunlight to make food

73
Q

fuction of the nucleus

A

contains DNA & controls the cells activities

74
Q

what is the function of the contractile vacuole ? what would happen is the cell did not have this organelle ?

A

helps the cell remove excess water

w/o it the euglena would take in too much water and would later explode because of osmosis

75
Q

what does the word pseudopodia mean ?

A

means false foot

76
Q

what 8 structures does an amoeba have ?

A

cell membrane, nucleus, contractile vacuole, endo/ectoplasm, pseudopodia, food vacuole, and cyst

77
Q

what 8 structures does the euglena have ?

A

pellicle, nucleus, nucleolus, chloroplasts, eyespot, resevoir, contractile vacuole, flagella

78
Q

What makes the euglena move like an inch worm - back forth

A

Pellicle & contractile vacuole

79
Q

Structure that helps the euglena move overall ?

A

Flagella

80
Q

Structure that helps the paramecium move overall?

A

Cilia

81
Q

Structure that helps the amoeba move ?

A

Pseudopodia

82
Q

Pathogen

A

Agent that causes disease or illness to its host

Biology (28 decks)

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