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Bacteria & Viruses Flashcards

0
Q

Classified by ..?

A

Shape
Nature of cell wall
Type of metabolism

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1
Q

Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic bacteria

A

Pro - no nucleus , no membrane bound organelles , unicellular
Eukaryotic - multicellular , nucleus , membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

What does bacteria do ?

A

Cause disease
Control agricultural pests
Converts processed foods (milk to yogurt)

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3
Q

What are viruses ?
What do they lack ?
What can’t they do ?
Replication ?

A 
Pathogens
Lack enzymes for metabolism 
Cannot make proteins
Use got for replication
Specific host cells (react differently)
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4
Q

Pathogenic bacteria

A

Can metabolize host
Antibiotic misuse
leads to antibiotic resistant bacteria

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5
Q

What are rod shaped bacteria called

A

Bacilli

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6
Q

What are spiral shaped bacteria called ?

A

Spirilla

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7
Q

What are round/spherical bacteria called ?

A

Cocci

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8
Q

What is the zone of inhibition

A

It’s the area of the measurement where bacterial growth stops growing

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9
Q

Antibiotics

A

Compounds that block the growth and reproduction of bacteria

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10
Q

Disinfectants

Antiseptics

A

Chemicals used to inhibit the growth of or kill bacteria on nonliving things
Antiseptics - on living bacteria

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11
Q

Heterotroph

A

Obtains food by eating other organisms for energy

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12
Q

Autotroph

A

Produces it’s own nutrients from environment/inorganic substances for energy
(Plants use photosynthesis)

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13
Q

Name 3 Protists

A

Euglena
Paramecium
Amoeba

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14
Q

How do amoebas move ?

A

By the pseudopodia

-finger like extensions that help it move

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15
Q

What structure contains the amoebas DNA ?

A

Nucleus

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16
Q

How does an amoeba reproduce ?

A

Goes through the cell cycle with mitosis, then the nucleus replicates the genetic material and the cytoplasm splits making 2 identical daughter cells

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17
Q

During unfavorable conditions, what does the amoeba form ?

Lack of water, cold, pollution

A

A cyst

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18
Q

What disease do amoebas cause ? Why ?

A

Amebic dysentery

Infected by drinking contaminated water

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19
Q

What kingdom does the amoeba belong to ?

A

Amoeba

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20
Q

Paramacias phylum & kingdom

A

Kingdom - Paramecium

Phylum - ciliophora

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21
Q

How do all members of the phylum ciliophora move ?

A

Move by cilia, tiny hairlike projections

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22
Q

Why can’t the paramecium change shape like the amoeba ?

A

Bc it has a thick outer membrane (pellicle)

Amoeba - has a cell membrane

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23
Q

What does the macronucleus & micronucleus do for the paramecium ?

A

Macronucleus - controls cellular respiration , protein synthesis , & digestion
Micronucleus - controls reproduction where there is an exchange of DNA

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24
What is the function of the contractile vacuole
Used in animal cells to remove excess water
25
Waste exits the paramecium through what structure ?
Anal pore
26
What is the function of the trichocysts
Where the paramecium shoots tiny threads out of the cell to capture a predator or to make a bigger appearance
28
What 12 structures do the paramecium have ?
``` Cilia Pellicle Macro/micro nucleus Contractile vacuole Mouth pore Gullet Food vacuole Anal pore Trichocysts Ecto/endoplasm ```
29
bacteria vs virus cell wall? Movement?
b-YES, flagella & pili | v-n/a, host cell
30
Bacteria vs Virus | shapes
b- bacillius (rod) spirilum (spiral) coccus (round) v- many such as helical, polyhedral, rods, etc
31
Bacteria vs Virus body type ? cell type
b- unicellular, prokaryote | v- NOT organisms but chemicals, not cells
32
Bacteria vs Virus Nutrition ? Reproduction ?
b- Autotroph (resources) Heterotroph (organisms) Chemotroph (Chemicals), Binary Fission- asexual where one cell pinches and forms 2 v- N/A, Lytic cycle, lysogenic cycle
33
Lytic vs lysogenic cycle
lytic- method of viral replication that results in the destruction of a host cell and the release of many new virus particles lysogenic- method of viral replication where a viral genome is replicated as a provirus without destroying the host cell
34
a virus that infects a bacteria
bacteriophage
35
antibiotic resistance
ability of population of bacteria to survive the lethal effects of an antibiotic
36
antibiotic
substance that inhibits the growth of or kills bacteria
37
pilus
short thick harlike protein structure that allows a bacterium to attach to other bacteria and surfaces
38
chemotroph
organism that gets its energy from chemicals taken from the environment
39
endotoxin
toxin that occurs in the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria and that is released when the bacterial cell breaks apart
40
exotoxin
potent, extracellular toxin released by some gram positive bacteria
41
transformation
transfer of genetic material in the form of DNA fragments from one cell to another or from one organism to another
42
conjugation
in algae and fungi, exchange of genetic material that occurs between 2 temporarily joined cells in prokaryotes, process where 2 organisms bind together and one cell transfers DNA to other cell through the sex pilus structure
43
transduction
transfer of bacterial gene from 1 bacterium to another through a bacteriophage
44
capsule
protective layer of polysaccharides around the cell wall of a bacteria
45
plasmid
circular DNA molecule thats usually found in bacteria and can replicate independent of the main chromosome
46
virus
nonliving, infectious particle composed ofa nucleic acid and a protein coat ; can invade and destroy a cell
47
Bacteria vs Virus examples? method of feeding?
b- strep, cavities, lyme disease...feeds off of host | v- HIV, common cold, flu...N/A
48
Bacteria vs Virus | Aerobic or anaerobic ?
b- both | v- N/A
49
Bacteria vs Virus | Structure ?
b- Cell wall, peptidoglycan | v- nucleic acid in a protein coat, either DNA or RNA
50
Bacteria vs Virus | what does a virus not have ?
doesnt grow, metabolize, or have homeostasis
51
aerobic/anaerobic
aerobic- with oxygen | anaerobic- doesnt need oxygen
52
antibiotics only fight what ?
bacteria
53
vaccine
small amount of virus
54
kingdom of a protist ?
protista
55
methods of movement from a protist ?
flagella, cilia, pseudopod
56
what are the 3 types of protists ?
animal like, plant like, and fungus like
57
animal like -
heterotrophs & they are grouped based on movements
58
plant like -
autotroph have cell walls algae
59
fungus like
decomposers mold not in the fungi kingdom because they can move (ex. mushrooms dont move)
60
example of animal & plant like
animal- paramecia & amoeba | plant- euglena
61
example of fungus like & what they are considered
ex. mold | considered chemotrophs bc they are decomposers
62
how are protists classified /
easily classified by what they are not | Not animals, not plants, not fungi
63
what are some general characteristics of a protist ?
``` eukaryotic unicellular or multicellular autotrophic or heterotrophic sexual or asexual (binary fission) reproduction living organisms ```
64
what are protists considered ?
the junk drawer because they are specifically classified
65
``` euglena auto or hetero ? locomotion ? reproduction ? phylum ? ```
auto & hetero flagella Sexual or Asexual Eugleonophyta
66
``` paramecium auto or hetero ? locomotion ? reproduction ? phylum ? ```
hetero cilia sexual - conjugation protozoa
67
which of the 3 types of protist have a cell wall
ONLY plant like !
68
whats special about the paramecia
it has more than 1 nucleus
69
What organelle carries out photosynthesis ?
chloroplasts (in euglena)
70
on which end is the flagellum located ?
anterior (front end)
71
2 ways the euglena gets their nutrients
- absorbing them across their cell membrane - heterotrophic | - chloroplasts trap sunlight used for photosynthesis - autotrophic
72
what is the eyespot used for ?
detects light- helps find bright ares of sunlight to make food
73
fuction of the nucleus
contains DNA & controls the cells activities
74
what is the function of the contractile vacuole ? what would happen is the cell did not have this organelle ?
helps the cell remove excess water | w/o it the euglena would take in too much water and would later explode because of osmosis
75
what does the word pseudopodia mean ?
means false foot
76
what 8 structures does an amoeba have ?
cell membrane, nucleus, contractile vacuole, endo/ectoplasm, pseudopodia, food vacuole, and cyst
77
what 8 structures does the euglena have ?
pellicle, nucleus, nucleolus, chloroplasts, eyespot, resevoir, contractile vacuole, flagella
78
What makes the euglena move like an inch worm - back forth
Pellicle & contractile vacuole
79
Structure that helps the euglena move overall ?
Flagella
80
Structure that helps the paramecium move overall?
Cilia
81
Structure that helps the amoeba move ?
Pseudopodia
82
Pathogen
Agent that causes disease or illness to its host

Biology (28 decks)

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