Bacteria & Viruses Flashcards
Classified by ..?
Shape
Nature of cell wall
Type of metabolism
Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic bacteria
Pro - no nucleus , no membrane bound organelles , unicellular
Eukaryotic - multicellular , nucleus , membrane bound organelles
What does bacteria do ?
Cause disease
Control agricultural pests
Converts processed foods (milk to yogurt)
What are viruses ?
What do they lack ?
What can’t they do ?
Replication ?
Pathogens Lack enzymes for metabolism Cannot make proteins Use got for replication Specific host cells (react differently)
Pathogenic bacteria
Can metabolize host
Antibiotic misuse
leads to antibiotic resistant bacteria
What are rod shaped bacteria called
Bacilli
What are spiral shaped bacteria called ?
Spirilla
What are round/spherical bacteria called ?
Cocci
What is the zone of inhibition
It’s the area of the measurement where bacterial growth stops growing
Antibiotics
Compounds that block the growth and reproduction of bacteria
Disinfectants
Antiseptics
Chemicals used to inhibit the growth of or kill bacteria on nonliving things
Antiseptics - on living bacteria
Heterotroph
Obtains food by eating other organisms for energy
Autotroph
Produces it’s own nutrients from environment/inorganic substances for energy
(Plants use photosynthesis)
Name 3 Protists
Euglena
Paramecium
Amoeba
How do amoebas move ?
By the pseudopodia
-finger like extensions that help it move
What structure contains the amoebas DNA ?
Nucleus
How does an amoeba reproduce ?
Goes through the cell cycle with mitosis, then the nucleus replicates the genetic material and the cytoplasm splits making 2 identical daughter cells
During unfavorable conditions, what does the amoeba form ?
Lack of water, cold, pollution
A cyst
What disease do amoebas cause ? Why ?
Amebic dysentery
Infected by drinking contaminated water
What kingdom does the amoeba belong to ?
Amoeba
Paramacias phylum & kingdom
Kingdom - Paramecium
Phylum - ciliophora
How do all members of the phylum ciliophora move ?
Move by cilia, tiny hairlike projections
Why can’t the paramecium change shape like the amoeba ?
Bc it has a thick outer membrane (pellicle)
Amoeba - has a cell membrane
What does the macronucleus & micronucleus do for the paramecium ?
Macronucleus - controls cellular respiration , protein synthesis , & digestion
Micronucleus - controls reproduction where there is an exchange of DNA
What is the function of the contractile vacuole
Used in animal cells to remove excess water
Waste exits the paramecium through what structure ?
Anal pore
What is the function of the trichocysts
Where the paramecium shoots tiny threads out of the cell to capture a predator or to make a bigger appearance
What 12 structures do the paramecium have ?
Cilia Pellicle Macro/micro nucleus Contractile vacuole Mouth pore Gullet Food vacuole Anal pore Trichocysts Ecto/endoplasm
bacteria vs virus
cell wall?
Movement?
b-YES, flagella & pili
v-n/a, host cell
Bacteria vs Virus
shapes
b- bacillius (rod)
spirilum (spiral)
coccus (round)
v- many such as helical, polyhedral, rods, etc
Bacteria vs Virus
body type ?
cell type
b- unicellular, prokaryote
v- NOT organisms but chemicals, not cells
Bacteria vs Virus
Nutrition ?
Reproduction ?
b- Autotroph (resources) Heterotroph (organisms) Chemotroph (Chemicals), Binary Fission- asexual where one cell pinches and forms 2
v- N/A, Lytic cycle, lysogenic cycle
Lytic vs lysogenic cycle
lytic- method of viral replication that results in the destruction of a host cell and the release of many new virus particles
lysogenic- method of viral replication where a viral genome is replicated as a provirus without destroying the host cell
a virus that infects a bacteria
bacteriophage
antibiotic resistance
ability of population of bacteria to survive the lethal effects of an antibiotic
antibiotic
substance that inhibits the growth of or kills bacteria
pilus
short thick harlike protein structure that allows a bacterium to attach to other bacteria and surfaces
chemotroph
organism that gets its energy from chemicals taken from the environment
endotoxin
toxin that occurs in the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria and that is released when the bacterial cell breaks apart
exotoxin
potent, extracellular toxin released by some gram positive bacteria
transformation
transfer of genetic material in the form of DNA fragments from one cell to another or from one organism to another
conjugation
in algae and fungi, exchange of genetic material that occurs between 2 temporarily joined cells
in prokaryotes, process where 2 organisms bind together and one cell transfers DNA to other cell through the sex pilus structure
transduction
transfer of bacterial gene from 1 bacterium to another through a bacteriophage
capsule
protective layer of polysaccharides around the cell wall of a bacteria
plasmid
circular DNA molecule thats usually found in bacteria and can replicate independent of the main chromosome
virus
nonliving, infectious particle composed ofa nucleic acid and a protein coat ; can invade and destroy a cell
Bacteria vs Virus
examples?
method of feeding?
b- strep, cavities, lyme disease…feeds off of host
v- HIV, common cold, flu…N/A
Bacteria vs Virus
Aerobic or anaerobic ?
b- both
v- N/A
Bacteria vs Virus
Structure ?
b- Cell wall, peptidoglycan
v- nucleic acid in a protein coat, either DNA or RNA
Bacteria vs Virus
what does a virus not have ?
doesnt grow, metabolize, or have homeostasis
aerobic/anaerobic
aerobic- with oxygen
anaerobic- doesnt need oxygen
antibiotics only fight what ?
bacteria
vaccine
small amount of virus
kingdom of a protist ?
protista
methods of movement from a protist ?
flagella, cilia, pseudopod
what are the 3 types of protists ?
animal like, plant like, and fungus like
animal like -
heterotrophs & they are grouped based on movements
plant like -
autotroph
have cell walls
algae
fungus like
decomposers
mold
not in the fungi kingdom because they can move (ex. mushrooms dont move)
example of animal & plant like
animal- paramecia & amoeba
plant- euglena
example of fungus like & what they are considered
ex. mold
considered chemotrophs bc they are decomposers
how are protists classified /
easily classified by what they are not
Not animals, not plants, not fungi
what are some general characteristics of a protist ?
eukaryotic unicellular or multicellular autotrophic or heterotrophic sexual or asexual (binary fission) reproduction living organisms
what are protists considered ?
the junk drawer because they are specifically classified
euglena auto or hetero ? locomotion ? reproduction ? phylum ?
auto & hetero
flagella
Sexual or Asexual
Eugleonophyta
paramecium auto or hetero ? locomotion ? reproduction ? phylum ?
hetero
cilia
sexual - conjugation
protozoa
which of the 3 types of protist have a cell wall
ONLY plant like !
whats special about the paramecia
it has more than 1 nucleus
What organelle carries out photosynthesis ?
chloroplasts (in euglena)
on which end is the flagellum located ?
anterior (front end)
2 ways the euglena gets their nutrients
- absorbing them across their cell membrane - heterotrophic
- chloroplasts trap sunlight used for photosynthesis - autotrophic
what is the eyespot used for ?
detects light- helps find bright ares of sunlight to make food
fuction of the nucleus
contains DNA & controls the cells activities
what is the function of the contractile vacuole ? what would happen is the cell did not have this organelle ?
helps the cell remove excess water
w/o it the euglena would take in too much water and would later explode because of osmosis
what does the word pseudopodia mean ?
means false foot
what 8 structures does an amoeba have ?
cell membrane, nucleus, contractile vacuole, endo/ectoplasm, pseudopodia, food vacuole, and cyst
what 8 structures does the euglena have ?
pellicle, nucleus, nucleolus, chloroplasts, eyespot, resevoir, contractile vacuole, flagella
What makes the euglena move like an inch worm - back forth
Pellicle & contractile vacuole
Structure that helps the euglena move overall ?
Flagella
Structure that helps the paramecium move overall?
Cilia
Structure that helps the amoeba move ?
Pseudopodia
Pathogen
Agent that causes disease or illness to its host
