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DNA Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA replication

A

copies DNA

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2
Q

Transcription

A

converts DNA into mRNA

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3
Q

Translation

A

interprets mRNA into a string of amino acids (proteins) tRNA (MAKING OF A PROTEIN)

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4
Q

Where do the 3 processes occur in prokaryotic cells?

A

cytoplasm, no nucleus

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5
Q

Where does replication and transcription occur in eukaryotic cells?

A

nucleus (where chromosomes are located)

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6
Q

where does translation occur in eukaryotic cells?

A

ribosomes, (in the cytoplasm)

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7
Q

what 3 ways does RNA differ from DNA

A

sugar=ribose
uracil base
single strand

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8
Q

mRNA function

A

carries instructions from a gene to make a protein, code for codons

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9
Q

rRNA

A

builds proteins, protein synthesis

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10
Q

tRNA

A

transfers amino acids to the ribosomes to make a protein, anticodons (more similar to DNA)

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11
Q

codon consists of how many nucleotides for an amino acid?

A

three

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12
Q

which RNA do you use to find the codon for an amino acid?

A

mRNA

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13
Q

what is an anticodon

A

3 nucleotides on tRNA

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14
Q

mRNA is the same as what anti or codon?

A

codon

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15
Q

tRNA is the same as what anti or codon?

A

anticodon

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16
Q

what is the flow of protein synthesis?

A

DNA -> RNA -> protein

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17
Q

what organelle assists tRNA translating the mRNA in the cytoplasm?

A

ribosome

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18
Q

the role of tRNA is to carry what?

A

an amino acid

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19
Q

tRNA anticodon is more similar to DNA or RNA in nucleotide sequence?

A

DNA

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20
Q

what is the first step of protein synthesis? where does it occur?

A

transcription

nucleus

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21
Q

what is the second step in protein synthesis? where does it occur?

A

translation

cytoplasm

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22
Q

what is the enzyme that creates mRNA from a DNA sequence ?

A

RNA polymerase

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23
Q

each codon of mRNA codes for?

A

amino acid

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24
Q

specific amino acid carried by tRNA is determined by what?

A

its anticodon

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25
Q

consists of a single strand of nucleotides

A

RNA

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26
Q

made of nucleotides linked together

A

both RNA & DNA

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27
Q

contains deoxyribose

A

DNA

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28
Q

has the nitrogen base uracil

A

RNA

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29
Q

contains ribose

A

RNA

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30
Q

is a nucleic acid

A

both RNA & DNA

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31
Q

consists of a double strand of nucleotides

A

DNA

32
Q

contains a base that pairs with adenine

A

both DNA & RNA

33
Q

what does DNA stand for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

34
Q

what does RNA stand for?

A

ribonucleic acid

35
Q

DNA helicase

A

enzyme that is responsible for unwinding and unzipping the double helix

36
Q

why is the nucleus the control center of the cell?

A

controls all the activities of the cell

37
Q

what is a gene?

A

segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein (codes for a trait)

38
Q

where in the cell are chromosomes located?

A

nucleus

39
Q

why is replication “semi-conservative’?

A

half the original strand is conserved, new nucleotides are added to each side

40
Q

what are the 4 bases that make up the rungs of the DNA ladder ?

A

thymine, cytosine, guanine and adenine (purines)

41
Q

what bases bond together?

A

a with t (or u)

g with c

42
Q

Why is RNA necessary to act as a messenger ?

A

small enough to go through the nuclear pores

43
Q

where are proteins make in the cell?

A

ribosomes (within the cytoplasm)

44
Q

process of copying DNA

A

replication

45
Q

shape of DNA

A

Double helix, twisted ladder

46
Q

what is point mutation

A

substitution, a mutation in which 1 nucleotide is changed for another

47
Q

what is insertion?

A

frameshift mutation where a nucleotide is added into a DNA sequence

48
Q

what is deletion?

A

frame shift mutation where there is removing of a nucleotide from a DNA sequence

49
Q

parental strands of DNA ______, serve as a ____, and produce DNA molecules that have half ___ and half of ______

A

separate, template, half parental DNA half of new DNA

50
Q

AUG (the start codon is called what when in the middle of the mRNA?

A

met

51
Q

griffith

A

discovered transformation, heredity material moves from cell to cell

52
Q

Avery

A

DNA is responsible for transformation in bacteria

53
Q

Roselind Franklin

A

responsible for STRUCTURE produced DNA models of crystals and photographs

54
Q

Chargaff

A

discovered the base pair rule

55
Q

hershey and chase

A

DNA is the heredity molecule in viruses

56
Q

Watson and Crick

A

explained how DNA replicates and its structure shape= double helix

57
Q

What must happen before a DNA molecule can replicate itself ?

A

It must unwind

58
Q

Errors in nucleotide sequences that occur during replications can or cannot be corrected ?

A

Can by DNA polymerase

59
Q

What did griffiths transformation experiments cause ?

A

Caused harmless bacteria to become deadly

60
Q

What did griffiths experiments show?

A

Showed that genetic material could be transferred between dead and living bacteria

61
Q

What did Avery’s experiment show?

A

Showed that transformation is prevented by DNA destroying enzymes

62
Q

What did Avery and his research team conclude ?

A

DNA was responsible for transformation

63
Q

Molecules of DNA are composed of long chains of..?

A

Nucleotides

64
Q

What does a nucleotide consist of ?

A

A sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base

65
Q

The part of the molecule for which DNA is named

A

Sugar (deoxyribose)

66
Q

What are purines and pyrimidines?

A

Classification groups of nitrogen bases
G&A-purines
T&C-pyrimidines

67
Q

Amount of guanine equals amount of what

A

Cytosine

68
Q

RNA is chemically similar to DNA except that the sugar in RNA has an additional ____

A

Oxygen atom

69
Q

Transfer RNA

A

Carries an amino acid to its correct codon

70
Q

What doesn’t affect the final outcome of gene expression (transcription&translation)?

A

of amino acids in the protein being used

71
Q

A DNA subunit composed of a phosphate group, five carbon sugar, and a nitrogen containing base is called ______

A

Nucleotide

72
Q

Name of the 5 carbon sugar that makes up a part of the backbone of molecules of DNA is

A

Deoxyribose

73
Q

Due to strict pairing of nitrogen based in DNA molecules, the two strands are said to be _____

A

Complementary

74
Q

Watson and crick used the crazy diffraction photographs of who to build their model of DNA ?

A

Franklin & Wilsin

75
Q

Transcription & translation are stages in the process of ?

A

Gene expression

76
Q

During translation amino acids are brought to the ribosomes by molecules of ?

A

Transfer RNA

Biology (28 decks)

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