Fungi: Systemic Mycoses Flashcards

1
Q

List the 4 systemic mycoses

A
  1. Histoplasma
  2. Blastomyces
  3. Coccidiodes
  4. Paracoccidoides
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2
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum is associated with

A

bat and bird droppings (cave, chicken coops)

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3
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum is endemic to

A

the midwestern and east central United States near the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys

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4
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum is transmitted via

A

inhalation of mold spores

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5
Q

Histoplasma and the lungs

A

macrophages phagocytize the yeast form of Histoplasma capsulatum in the lungs (small oval yeast forms can be seen within macrophages on microscopy)

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6
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum antigen can be detected in body fluids such as ________ during infection

A
  1. serum

2. urine

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7
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum yeast cells (intracellular oval bodies smaller than red blood cells) are seen within

A

macrophages on microscopy

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8
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum is a

A

dimorphic fungus (grows as mold at 25-30°C and yeast at body temperature (35-37°C))

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9
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum can cause

A

a variety of calcific deposits in the lungs (i.e. calcified mediastinal/hilar lymph nodes)

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10
Q

the signs and symptoms of chronic histoplasmosis

A

the signs and symptoms of chronic histoplasmosis (cough, fatigue, weight loss, cavitations in the upper lobes of the lungs) clinically resemble reactivation (secondary) tuberculosis

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11
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum infection is associated with

A

erythema nodosum (painful skin nodules that most commonly form on the shins)

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12
Q

disseminated histoplasmosis can cause

A

hepatosplenomegaly

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13
Q

disseminated histoplasmosis is primarily seen in

A

immunocompromised patients

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14
Q

__________ are effective against histoplasmosis

A

azoles

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15
Q

____________ is used to treat severe histoplasmosis

A

amphotericin B

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16
Q

Blastomyces dermatitidis is endemic to the

A

eastern and central United States near the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys and the Great Lakes region

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17
Q

Blastomyces dermatitidis is

A

a dimorphic fungus (grows as mold at 25-30°C and yeast at body temperature (35-37°C))

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18
Q

Blastomyces dermatitidis is transmitted via

A

inhalation of mold spores

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19
Q

the yeast form of Blastomyces dermatitidis

A

the yeast form of Blastomyces dermatitidis produces a single broad-based bud with a double refractile cell wall approximately the same size as red blood cells

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20
Q

chest X-ray findings of blastomycosis are

A

chest X-ray findings of blastomycosis are highly variable, but most commonly include patchy opacities or densities

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21
Q

blastomycosis can lead to

A

pulmonary granuloma formation

22
Q

disseminated blastomycosis

A

disseminated blastomycosis (skin, bone, and genitourinary involvement) occurs in immunocompromised patients

23
Q

in immunocompromised patients, disseminated blastomycosis can affect the

A
  1. skin (often manifesting as papules, pustules, ulcers, and verrucous lesions)
  2. bones (often manifesting as bone pain caused by lytic lesions)
24
Q

Blastomyces dermatitidis antigen can be detected in body fluids such as

25
_______ are used to treat mild to moderate blastomycosis
azoles (particularly itraconazole and fluconazole)
26
_______ is used to treat severe blastomycosis
amphotericin B
27
Coccidioides immitis a dimorphic fungus that causes
San Joaquin Valley fever
28
Coccidioides immitis is endemic to the
southwestern United States and northern Mexico
29
Coccidioides immitis is transmitted via
inhalation of mold spores
30
mold spores of Coccidioides immitis are found in
mold spores of Coccidioides immitis are found in soil and can become airborne when the ground is disturbed (i.e. earthquakes, dust storms, farming)
31
Coccidioides immitis is a
dimorphic fungus (grows as mold at 25-30°C and forms yeast-like spherules at body temperature (35-37°C))
32
in tissue sample, Coccidioides immitis can be seen as
large, yeast-like spherules containing endospores
33
the spherules of Coccidioides immitis
the spherules of Coccidioides immitis (large yeast-like structures containing endospores) are larger than red blood cells
34
common manifestations of coccidioidomycosis
community-acquired pneumonia (usually presenting with chest pain, cough, and fever) and arthralgia are common manifestations of coccidioidomycosis
35
chest radiography in primary coccidioidomycosis
may show unilateral infiltrates, ipsilateral hilar adenopathy, or pulmonary nodule formation, though it is unremarkable in up to half of patients
36
coccidioidomycosis is associated with
erythema nodosum (painful skin nodules that most commonly form on the shins)
37
extrapulmonary coccidioidomycosis
(most commonly skin, bone, joint, and CNS involvement) occurs in immunocompromised patients
38
in immunocompromised patients, disseminated coccidioidomycosis can affect the
1. skin | 2. bones
39
in immunocompromised patients, disseminated coccidioidomycosis can cause
1. meningitis
40
_________ are used to treat mild to moderate coccidioidomycosis
azoles (particularly itraconazole and fluconazole)
41
_______ is used to treat severe coccidioidomycosis
amphotericin B
42
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is endemic to
Central and South America
43
the multipolar budding yeast form of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis resembles a
captain's wheel
44
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a
dimorphic fungus (grows as mold at 25-30°C and yeast at body temperature (35-37°C))
45
the multipolar budding yeast form of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is
typically much larger than a red blood cell
46
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is transmitted via
inhalation of mold spores
47
paracoccidioidomycosis can lead to
pulmonary granuloma formation
48
disseminated paracoccidioidomycosis can cause
lymphadenopathy (most frequently cervical)
49
chronic paracoccidioidomycosis often presents with
oral mucocutaneous lesions (painful ulcers with ragged borders and spots of hemorrhage)
50
_______ are used to treat mild to moderate paracoccidioidomycosis
azoles (particularly itraconazole)
51
_______ is used to treat severe paracoccidioidomycosis
amphotericin B