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Sketchy Medical > Bacteria: Mycobacteria > Flashcards

Bacteria: Mycobacteria Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

List the 2 Mycobacterium

A
  1. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

2. Mycobacterium Leprae

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2
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A
  1. acid-fast bacterium
  2. Mycobacterium
  3. obligate aerobes
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3
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria stain acid-fast due to

A

high mycolic acid content in the cell membrane

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4
Q

carbol fuchsin is

A

a dye used to detect acid-fast bacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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5
Q

____________ _________ ________ is a growth medium used to culture Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Lowenstein-Jensen Agar

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6
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria replicate within

A

Macrophages

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7
Q

Cord Factor

A

cord factor produced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a membrane glycolipid responsible for clumping of bacterial cells into serpentine cords in vitro and for protection of bacteria against host defenses in vivo (strains that lack cord factor are not virulent)

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8
Q

Sulfatides

A

sulfatides produced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis are sulfolipids that prevent phagolysosome fusion (protecting bacterial cells from exposure to lysosomal hydrolases, allowing for intracellular survival)

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9
Q

Primary tuberculosis typically affects

A

the middle or lower lobes of the lungs

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10
Q

Lymphatic dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during primary tuberculosis can result in

A

hilar lymphadenopathy

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11
Q

A Ghon complex is

A

lung lesion that usually affects the middle or lower lobe of the lung consisting of hilar lymphadenopathy and a parenchymal granuloma

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12
Q

A ________ ______ can form during primary tuberculosis

A

Gohn Complex

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13
Q

The caseating granulomas of primary tuberculosis are

A

characterized by a central necrotic zone (necrotic macrophages and cellular debris) walled off by macrophages and lymphocytes

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14
Q

Latent tuberculosis infections occur

A

when dormant Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria are contained within walled-off foci

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15
Q

Primary tuberculosis usually resolves by

A

fibrosis of lung tissue (granulomas form to wall off Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

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16
Q

The purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test (or tuberculin skin test (TST)) involves

A

intradermal injection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen; an induration >15 mm (in immunocompetent patients who are low-risk of exposure) at 48 to 72 hours is considered a positive result

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17
Q

The bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine for tuberculosis

A

may cause a false-positive reaction to the purified protein derivative/tuberculin skin test

18
Q

Miliary Tuberculosis

A
  1. miliary tuberculosis occurs when the immune system fails to clear the infection, resulting in diffuse hematogenous dissemination of tuberculosis to multiple organs
  2. Potentially fatal infection
19
Q

Reactivation of latent tuberculosis is associated with use of

A

TNF-alpha inhibitors

20
Q

TNF alpha is important for

A

granuloma formation and maintenance

21
Q

Reactivation (secondary) tuberculosis

A
  1. typically affects the upper lobes of the lungs

2. may present with cough hemoptysis and night sweats

22
Q

Pott disease

A

is an infection of the vertebral column (usually affecting the lower thoracic and upper lumbar region) that results from dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from other sites (Pott disease can result from progressive primary or reactivation (secondary) tuberculosis)

23
Q

Progressive primary tuberculosis or reactivation (secondary) tuberculosis can

A

disseminate to the CNS and cause cavitary lesions and tuberculomas in the brain

24
Q

Treatment for tuberculosis

A
  1. the combination of rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol (RIPE) is administered for (typically symptomatic) tuberculosis to combat and further prevent drug-resistant strains
  2. rifampin and isoniazid can be used in cases of latent tuberculosis to prevent reactivation
25
Q

Mycobacterium leprae

A
  1. acid-fast bacterium

2. Mycobacterium

26
Q

Mycobacterium leprae thrives

A

in cooler temperatures and, therefore, has a predilection for the extremities

27
Q

Mycobacterium leprae bacteria stain acid-fast due to

A

high mycolic acid content in the cell membrane

28
Q

carbol fuchsin is a stain used to visualize

A

acid-fast bacteria, such as Mycobacterium leprae

29
Q

_______ are the main reservoir of Mycobacterium leprae in the United States

A

armidillos

30
Q

The response to tuberculoid leporsy is

A

propagated by Th1 (T helper type 1) cells, which incite a cell-mediated immune response

31
Q

A strong Th1 (T helper type 1) cell-mediated immune response induces

A

macrophage phagocytosis of Mycobacterium leprae bacteria, resulting in the tuberculoid variant of leprosy

32
Q

Tuberculoid leprosy is characterized by

A

well-demarcated, hairless skin lesions

33
Q

The lepromin skin test involves

A

injection of inactivated Mycobacterium leprae under the skin; a positive test indicates cell mediated immunity and tuberculoid leprosy

34
Q

The response to lepromatous leprosy is propagated by

A

Th2 (T helper type 2) cells, which promote the humoral immune response

35
Q

A Th2 (T helper type 2) humoral immune response in lepromatous leprosy is

A

correlated with a weak or nonexistent Th1 (T helper type 1) cell-mediated immune response, preventing the containment of Mycobacterium leprae bacteria within macrophages

36
Q

Lepromatous leprosy is spread via

A

human-to-human transmission

37
Q

Lepromatous leprosy may present with

A

symmetric “glove and stocking” neuropathy in the extremities

38
Q

Lepromatous leprosy presents with

A

poorly demarcated lesions on the extensor surface of the extremities

39
Q

Leonine facies deformity

A

leonine facies deformity seen in lepromatous leprosy often involves thickening of the skin, loss of eyebrows and eyelashes, collapse of the nose, and formation of nodular earlobes

40
Q

Treatment for tuberuloid leprosy

A

a 6 month course of dapsone and rifampin is an effective treatment against tuberculoid leprosy

41
Q

Treatment for lepromatous leprosy

A

a 2-5 year course of dapsone, rifampin, and clofazimine is an effective treatment against lepromatous leprosy

Sketchy Medical (46 decks)

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