Fundamentals 2 Flashcards
Botrytis cinerea is also known as…
Noble Rot or Pourriture Noble
What are the three levels of the French Wine Quality pyramid?
AOC/AOP, IGP, Vins sans IG (Vin de France)
What are basal buds?
On a shoot, basal buds are those closest to the trunk
What is the difference between conventional and sustainable farming practices?
Conventional farming practices rely heavily upon agrochemicals; sustainable farming methods use agrochemicals more discriminately
T or F: Grapes are described as early-to-late-ripeners relative to the harvest date of Chasselas
True
Above what temperature would a vine stop photosynthesizing?
95F / 35C
Below what temperature would a vine stop photosynthesizing?
50F / 10C
T or F: Phylloxera is indigenous to Europe
False - North America
Downy Mildew is also known by what name?
Peronospera
Powdery Mildew is also known by what name?
Oidium
A Pét-Nat is made via what production method?
Méthode Ancestrale
What sparkling wine production method involves just one fermentation?
Méthode Ancestrale
Define “oxidative winemaking”
A practice by which a wine is deliberately allowed contact with oxygen
Define “reductive winemaking”
A practice by which a wine’s contact with oxygen is minimized before bottling
Define “passerillage”
A process by which the stalks of the grape clusters are twisted, cutting off the flow of sap and causing the grapes to dessicate on the vine
What is a synonym for Melon de Bourgogne?
Muscadet
Name the 3 most commonly grown grapes in northeastern France during the Middle Ages…
Pinot, Savagnin and Gouais Blanc
Define “monopole”
A vineyard with a single owner
Malbec is a natural cross of what two grapes?
Prunelard x Magdeleine Noire des Charentes
The word “meunier” translates as…
“Miller”. The grape is so named because the underside of the leaves appear as though dusted with flour
What does VDN stand for?
Vin Doux Naturel
Name the process by which neutral grape spirit is added to a fermenting must
Mutage
What is the longest river in France?
Loire
What French city was home to the coronation of French kings?
Reims
Define “ban des vendanges”
The official picking date as prescribed by government officials
What climatic event in 1956 dramatically changed viticulture in France?
The Great Winter Freeze (of 1956)
What is the Mistral?
A cold, north wind largely impacting the Rhône Valley and Provence
What is the Tramontane?
A cold, north wind largely impacting Languedoc and Roussilon
What was the traditional language of the Languedoc?
Occitan
Cabernet Sauvignon is a natural cross of what two grapes?
Cabernet Franc x Sauvignon Blanc
The Phocaeans founded what important city in the south of France?
Marseille
Syrah is a natural cross of what two grapes?
Mondeuse Blanche x Dureza
Define “Diurnal”
Daily; of each day e.g. diurnal temperature swing
What three varieites of Muscat grow in France?
Muscat à Petit Grains
Muscat d’Alexandrie
Muscat Ottonel
Chardonnay is a natural cross of what two grapes?
Pinot x Gouais Blanc
Daily; of each day e.g. diurnal temperature swing
High diurnal are good
In French, a river that flows into a body of water like a sea or lake is called what?
A fleuve
What historically important project first connected Toulouse to the Mediterranean?
The Canal de Midi
In French, a river that flows into another river is called what?
A rivière
Define the Napoléonic Code of Inheritance
A decree that mandated all inheritable property be evenly dividied between each child in the family
Define “Bordeaux Mixture”
A copper sulfate solution used to combat fungal diseases
What are the two governing bodies for biodynamic farming practices?
Demeter (founded in Germany) and Biodyvin (founded in France); Biodyvin certifies vineyards only.
Define “coulure”
Poor fruit set caused by cloudy, cold and/or wet weather at flowering
Define “marcottage”
Vine propagation by layering
Define “véraison”
The point at which berries change color and soften
T or F: Cordon is a form of cane training
False: It is a form of spur training
T or F: Guyot is a form of cane training
True
What is the French term for a bush trained vine?
Gobelet
Define “must”
Unfermented grape juice
Define “débourbage”
Juice settling
What historical figure first united Gaul under one rule and one religion?
Clovis, King of the Franks
In the 14th century, the Papacy moved its headquarters from Rome to what French city?
Avignon, in the Rhône Valley
Define “transversage”
Process in which 750ml bottles of champagne are used to fill larger/smaller bottles after disgorgement
Define “dosage”
A mix of still wine and sugar added to a bottle of sparkling wine after disgorgement; determines final sweetness level
Define “remuage”
The process by which lees are moved to the neck of the sparkling wine bottle in preparation for disgorgement; also known as riddling.
Define “pupitres”
The traditional A-framed structures used in the champagne riddling process
Define “sur lattes”
The placement of sparkling wine bottles on their side between lattes, i.e. thin pieces of wood; the 2nd fermentation takes place at this stage
Define “prise de mousse”
“The seizing of the foam,” i.e. the second fermentation in traditional method sparkling wine production
Define “sur lie” aging
The process of aging wine in contact with its dead yeast cells
Define “autolysis”
The decomposition of dead yeast cells
Define “Claret”
British term for the red wines of Bordeaux
A wine display at the Exposition Universelle of 1855 in Paris resulted in what famous document?
The Classification of 1855
Define “graben”
A rift valley created when land sinks between two parallel faults
As a general rule, grapes are picked how many days after véraison?
45
Define “macération peliculaire”
Skin contact in white wine making
Define “bâtonnage”
Lees stiring
What production method utilizes an anerobic environment to encourage an enzymatic fermentation?
Carbonic Maceration
Define “lees”
Dead yeast cells
Bentonite, Casein and Gelatin are common agents in what process?
Fining
What is the name for the conversion of malic acid to lactic acid?
Maloactic conversion
What is the name for the process of adding sugar to a must to increase the final alcohol level?
Chaptalization
Define “stuck Fermentation”
A fermentation that accidentally stops before all of the sugar has been converted to alcohol
What people introduced formal viticulture to the Celtic tribes of “Gaul”?
Phocaeans, Greeks from Asia Minor
Why might a winemaker cold stabilize their wine?
To remove tartaric acid before bottling so that it does not precipitate out after bottling
What is the name for the “bleeding method” of rosé production?
Saignée
Define “pigeage”
Punching down the cap; a cap management technique
Define “délestage”
Rack and return; a cap management technique
Define “rémontage”
Pump over; a cap management technique
Define “bonbonnes”
Glass demi-johns
