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FWS tb > Fundamentals > Flashcards

Fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

Which people are credited with the invention of the water tight, rollable, stackable wooden cast for the storage and transport of the foodstuffs, a vessel they utilized as of 350 BCE?

A

The Celts who settled in a significant portion of France circa 1200 BCE.

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2
Q

What mathematical shape France is affectionately referred to?

A

L’Hexabone (the hexagon) due to its six-sided shape.

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3
Q

What increasingly damaging climatic condition Bourgogne has been beset with due to global warming?

And what condition has been experienced in Rhone and Lauguedoc in 2003 and 2018/2019 respectively?

A
  • Hailstorms
  • Floods
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4
Q

Which people established the vineyards in South-West France, Bordeaux, Bourgogne and the Loire by the 1st Century CE?

A

The Romans

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5
Q

What three scourges caused drastic reduction in total production, an exodus to other countries starting from 1850s?

A
  1. Powdery Mildew/Oidium
  2. Phylloxera (1863)
  3. Downy Mildew/Peronspera (1882)
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6
Q

What was a by-product of Mini Ice Age Northern Europe experienced especially cold periods in 1650, 1770 and 1850 as far as vinifcation was concerned?

A

It resulted in incomplete fermentations which resuscitated in spring, setting the stage for the development of sparkling wines.

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7
Q

Which grape variety took poorly to American rootstock and its planting dropped to 3% from 33% in the Southern Rhone?

A

Mourvedre

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8
Q

What river is the longest in France?

A

The Loire River approximately 620 mi/1,000 km

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9
Q

How many administrative regions France is divided into?

A

13

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10
Q

What are beneifts of the Mistral ? (up to 3)

A

The Mistral chases away clouds, dust and diesase producing humidity to deliver sunny skies, dry weather and clear air.

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11
Q

True or False:

Most quality vineyards are planted on shallow, moderately fertile soils.

A

True

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12
Q

What resulted after the Cathars crusade?

A

Cathars lived in an area along the Mediterranean but were considered to be heretics. Pope Innocent III initiated a formal crusade against them in 1209, slaughtering men, women and children. The land they occupied Occitania was annexed into the growing nation of France.

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13
Q

What is the prevailing wind that blows across much of France reaching as far inland as Champagne in the north and Languedoc in the south?

A

Westerlies

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14
Q

What two south winds that Languedoc and Roussilon experience?

A
  1. Marin
  2. Autan
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15
Q

How did the Thirty Years War (1618-1648) impact Alsace?

A

The Thirty Years War resulted from the Protestant Reformation movement and again decimated Europe’s population. Alsace previously quite prosperous was ravaged. In the peace treaty that followed Alsace became a northeastern vineyard of France rather than a southwestern vineyard of Germany and the French king gave land grants to whoever would settle there.

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16
Q

Who discovered “Mutage”?

A

Arnau de Villa Nova in 1295

Before fermentation is complete, a high-proof, neutral grape spirit is added to the mix. This brings the feasting yeasts to a grinding halt, thereby preserving some of the natural sugars of the grapes, which would otherwise be devoured and turned into alcohol. Those remaining sugars carry along a plethora of sweet flavors, while the neutral spirit pumps up the ABV to 15 percent or higher.

17
Q

How did the Hundred Years War start and what was the eventual result?

A

The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) resulted from the English King refused to pay homage to the French Crown and decimated the populace of both nations. It ended with Charles VII reclaiming his crown and his country with the effort of Joan d’Arc.

18
Q

What are three principal types of climate found in France?

A
  1. Oceanic/Maritime
  2. Continental
  3. Mediterranean
19
Q

What intense north wind that origtinates as a mass of cold air lying atop the North Sea and Altantic Ocean.

A

The Mistral

20
Q

What were contributions made by Jean Antoine Chaptal (1756-1832) and Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) in advancement of viticulture?

A

Chaptal invented Chaptalzation, a process which allowed for the addition of sugar to a fermenting must to increase alcohol levels in the finished produce.
Pasteur discovered yeast and linked it to fermentation.

21
Q

What resulted by the marriage of Henry Plantagenet and Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine?

A

Henry, grand son of William the Conqueror, and Eleanor represented a significant portion of France. The Duchy of Aquitaine stretched along the west coast of France from just south of the Loire to the Spanish border and expanded inland as far as east as Auvergne.

22
Q

What smaller administrative entity each of 13 French Admisnistrarive Region divided into?

What smaller administrative entity further fractionalizes them into?

A
  • Departements/departements
  • Commune
23
Q

Geologically speaking the “hexagon” (France) can be composed of two massifs, two basins and one rift.

Name them.

A
  1. Massifs; Armorican Massif / Central Massif
  2. Basins: Paris Basin / Aquitaine Basin
  3. Rift: Western European Rift Valley
24
Q

Describe the practice of Provignage/Marcottage.

A

The vineyards of the past represented vigne en foule (vines in a crowd). Dead vines were replaced by taking a healthy cane from an existing vine, digging a trench next to it, burying the cane and leaving the remaining buds exposed to air.

A new vine would be propated via provingage/marottage or layering. It was common to have 20,000 vines per ac/50,000 vines per ha.

Giving such density not even horses could fit between the vines to assist with vineyard tasks.

25
Q

What is the difference between Colluvial and Alluvial soils?

A
  • Colluvial - Soils formed from rain-driven slope wash
  • Alluvial - Soils formed from river sediment
26
Q

Name the five major French fleuves (rivers that flow into a body of water such as sea or lake).

A
  1. Loire
  2. Seine
  3. Garonne
  4. Rhone
  5. Dordgone
27
Q

What resulted by Napoleon’s Code of Inheritance in Burgundy’s wine making?

A

Code of Inheritance divided vineyards among the grower’s children, compounded over time this resulted in extremely small holdings that were unfeasible for commercial wine production.
This heralded the birth of Negociant who could purchase fruit from many vignerons to bottle under a single label.

28
Q

What north winds Languedoc and Roussillon experince which are as powerful as the Mistral and blow through the Toulouse-Carcossonne corridor?

A

Tramontane

Cers

29
Q

Which people introduced the grapevine after establishing a colony called Massalia on the Mediterranean Coast of Celtic France in 600 BCE?

A

The Phocaeans (Greeks from Asia Minor)

30
Q

As a result of the grafted vineyard, once a vineyard planted in rows, it remained that way. What French terms (2) described how vineyards were propagated previously?

A
  • Provignage
  • Marcottage
31
Q

Who was Charlemagne?

A

Charlemagne assumed the crown in the late 8th century and conquered considerable territory of Italy and Germany. He was crowned by Pope Leo III to be Holy Roman Emperor.

32
Q

Define “Ban des Vendanges”.

A

It was a prescribed picking date to which every grape grower must adhere, thus simplifying the collection of taxes imposed upon the grape harvest by the nobles during the Middle Age.

33
Q

Who was Clovis?

A

He led the united Franks to take over France from the Romans and converted to Christianity. He also initiated men eat at table rather that reclining as the Romans did.

34
Q

Describe Rift Valley/Graben

A

A Rift Valley represents bedrock that has dropped down between paired geological faults. This landform is also know as “Graben”, Gemran for “ditch” or “trench”.

35
Q

Where in France did Norsemen from Scandinavia eventually settled?

A

Normandy. Charles III offered them land in the northwestern portion of his kingdom in 911 in exchange for peaceful co-existence. “Norsemen” morphed into “Norman” and the land they occupied became Normandy.

36
Q

What was the significance of Year 1179 for France?

A

On November 1, 1179, Philip Augustus was crowned King of France (a name derived from “Franks”). Despite a country divided, it was a country.

37
Q

Who referred to Celtic France as Gaul?

A

The Romans

38
Q

What were the two problems with rural method (Methode Ancestrale) of Sparkling wines?

A
  1. Vignerons could not control the onset of winter, there was no way to tell how much sugar was left for the yeast to metabolize come spring.
  2. If the semi-femerneted wine was already put into a sealed bottle by springtime, there was no way to remove the yeasts (which would settle out of the the solution after they died).

FWS tb (46 decks)

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