Final Review Information Flashcards
these are the three categories of membrane proteins
peripheral, integral, glycoproteins
these are the three types of membrane proteins
receptor, carrier, and ion channels
these are the three types of filaments in the cytoskeleton
microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments
these are the three types of cellular projections
microvilli, cilia, and flagellum
peripheral membrane proteins are
NOT the entire width of the membrane
integral membrane proteins line
the entire width of the membrane and are partially inside and partially outside the membrane.
The receptor membrane proteins
trigger vesicles when bound to molecules, usually when attach to the ligands
the carrier membrane proteins function to
diffuse, active transport, and aid passive transport
what do ion channels do
allow molecules, ions, and water solute in and out, deal with cell to cell communication
what are microfilaments made of
actin
what do microfilaments do
allow mechanical support
what do microtubles do
aid organelles in movement
what are microtubules made of
tubulin
what do intermediate filaments do
stabilize organelle position, resist extracellular forces, and anchor the cells together.
what are microvilli made of
microfilaments
what do microvilli do
increase surface area for absorption
what are cilia made of
microtubules
what do cilia do
move substances across the membrane surface
what are flagellum made of
microtubules
what do flagellum do
move whole cell
These are the three types of tissues
epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous
where is epithelial found
hallow organs, body cavities, basement tissue
what is function of epithelial
protection, absorption, diffusion, secretion
blood and nerve supply for epithelial tissue?
yes nerve, no blood
function of simple squamous epithelial
diffusion
function for stratified squamous epithelial
wear, tear, protection
function of columnar epithelial
secretion and absorption
function of transitional epithelial
volume changes (squamous to cuboidal)
what are the three junctions
tight, gap, desmosomes (hemidesmosomes)
what do tight junctions do
barrier that isolates intercellular space
what do gap junctions do
allow cell to cell communication
what do desmosomes do
anchored deep inside the cell by adhesion proteins/ intermediate filaments for support
what is connective tissue made of
protein fibers and ground substastance
what does connective tissue do
support and protect
what are the five types of connective tissue
loose, dense, cartilage, osseous, and liquid
these are the three types of loose
areolar, adipose, reticular
areolar loose connective tissue is
the basement to epithelial
adipose loose connective tissue is
energy storage
reticular loose connective tissue
aids organ framework
regular dense connective tissue is
strong and makes tendons and ligaments
irregular dense connective tissue
create capsule for organs and dermis of cells
elastic dense connective tissue
lines the wall of blood vessels
this is the make up of cartilage
ground substance of chondroitin sulfate and collagen and elastic fibers (condrocytes and condroblast)
blood and nerve supply for cartilage?
none
hyaline cartilage connective tissue
reduces friction
fibrocartilage connective tissue
has lots of collegen and makes up menisci and intervertebral discs
elastic cartilage connective tissue
is flexible, resilient, and can return to original shape
two types of osseous tissue
compact and spongy
the ECM of compact osseous connective tissue is
in concentric rings
the ECM of spongy osseous connective tissue is
in columns called trabeculae
these are the two liquid connective tissue
blood and lymph
nervous tissue function is to
detect changes in environment and activate changes in the body based on the environment
these are the structures of the long bone
diaphysis, epiphysis, periosteum, and epiphyseal plate
what is the diaphysis and what type of bone tissue is it
shaft and compact
what is the epiphysis and what type of bone tissue is it
the ends of the bone and spongy
what is the periosteum
the outside connective tissue membrane of the bone made of collagen fibers
what is the epiphyseal plate
commonly known as the “growth plate” it is hyaline cartilage found between the diaphysis and epiphysis that allows for endocondral ossifications
what is the extracellular matrix of bone
calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide make the hydroxyapetite crystals. This along with the collagen fibers make up the bone tissue
what are the four types of bone cells
osteoprogenitor, osteoblast, osteocytes, and osteoclast
what are osteoprogenitor cells
undifferentiated stem cells that divide
what do osteoblast do
synthesize extracellular matrix to line periosteum and endosteum
what do osteocytes do
exchange nutrients and waste
what do osteoclast do
release lysomal enzymes, reabsorb, maintain & repair
characteristics of compact bone
osteons, canals, and lamellae in rings with blood vessels
characteristics of spongy bone
no osteons, lamelle in columns called trabecullae
bone tissue blood and nerve supply?
have both
what are the cranial bones
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid
what are the facial bones
nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible
how many cervical vertebrae
8
how many thoracic vertebrae
12
how many lumbar vertebrae
5
how many sacral vertebrae
5 fused
how many coccygeal vertebrae
4 fused
how many ribs do we have
24
how many rib pairs do we have
12
what is the function of synovial joints
reduce friction and nourish cartilage cells
where is synovial joints found
cartilage, reinforcing ligament, tendon sheths, bursae
moveable joints are (strong/weak)
weak
immoveable joints are (strong/weak)
strong
what influences the stability of joints
ligaments, articulating surfaces and muscle tone
another name for should joint is
glenohumeral joint
what is the glenohumeral joint/should joints articulations
head of humerus and glenoid fossa of scapula
what are the ligaments of the glenohumeral joint
glenohumeral lig, coracoacromial lig, acromioclavicular lig, coracoclavicular lig
another name for the elbow joint is the
humero-ulnar and radio ulnar joints
what are the articulations for the elbow joint
head of humerus/glenoid fossa and head of radius/radial notch
what are the ligaments of the elbow joint
ulnar medial/lateral collateral ligament and annular ligament
what is another name for the hip joint
coxal joint
what are the articulations of the hip/coxal joint
head of femur with acetabulum of coxal bone
what are the ligaments of the head of the femur
transverse acetabular lig, illiofemoral lig, pubofemoral lig, ischiofemoral lig
where is the knee joint
between the femur and patella or between the condyles of the femur and tibia
what are the ligaments of the knee joint
patellar ligament, tibial medial collateral ligament, fibular lateral collateral ligament, anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament
what are the muscle connective tissue layers
epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium
what is a sarcomere
A sarcomere is the basic functional contractile unit of muscle tissue.
what is hypertrophy
growth of muscles
what is atrophy
muscle tissue decreasing in strength and size
what are the parts of the neurons
dendrites, soma, axons, synapse
what do dendrites do
recieve impulse
what is in the soma
nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, microtubules
what do axons do
carry impulses away from the body
what is the synapse
the junction between nuerons
the clusters of nervous cells inside the central nervous system are
nuclei
the clusters of the nervous cells inside the peripheral nervous system are
ganglia
what does myelin do
insulate neurons and speed up conduction of nerve impulses
when a action potential jumps from node to node it is called
saltatory conduction
when action potentials travel without the help of myelinated sheaths it is called
continuous conduction
afferent referes to
sensory
efferent refers to
motor
where are interneurons found
CNS
what do interneurons do
integrate sensory information
what function does the CNS have
integrative functions
what is the pheripheral NS
pathway for sensory and motor
what is the somatic NS
voluntary actions in the peripheral NS
what is autonomic NS
involuntary actions in the peripheral NS
what is the sympathetic NS
the “fight or flight” part of the autonomic peripheral nervous system
what is the parasympathetic NS
the “rest and digest” part of the autonomic nervous system
Parkinson’s disease is caused by
increased basal nuclei
Huntington’s disease is caused by
decreased basal nuclei
what is the function of the thalamus
the relay station of information
where is the thalams
diencephalon, “head of bird”
what is the hypothalamus function
maintain homeostatsis by controling hunger, temperature, sleep , thirst, and endocrine functions
what does the epithalamus do
hold the pineal gland
where is the epithalams
posterior diencephalon
where is the midbrain
top of the brainstem
where is the pons
the large circular area of the brainstem
where is the medulla oblangata
connected to the spinal cord
what is the function of the cerebellum
blanace and coordination
list the order of meninges in the brain from deep to superficial
pia mater, arachnoid mater, dural sinus, dura mater
where is the CSF located
subarachnoid space
where is the conus medullaris
L1/L2
these are nervous roots extending from inferior spinal cord
cauda equine
list the order of meninges and spaces in the brain from deep to superficial
pia mater, subarachnoid space, subarachnoid mater, subdural space, dura space, epidural space
the dorsal roots deal with
sensory information
the ventral roots deal with
motor information
is spinal nerve sensory, motor or both
both
spinothalamic tract is
sensory/ascending
corticospinal tract is
motor/descending
how many cervical spinal nerves
8
how many thoracic spinal nerves
12
how many lumbar spinal nerves
5
how many sacral spinal nerves
5
how many coccygeal spinal nerves
1
where is the phrenic nerve
C1-C4
what is phrenic nerves motor innervation
diaphragm
where is the radial nerve
brachial plexus
what is radial nerves motor innervation
posterior upper arm, posterior forearm, posterior hand
what compartment is the musculocutaneous nerve
brachial plexus
what is the motor innervation of the musculocutaneous nerve
anterior upper arm
what is the median nerve compartment
brachial plexus
what is the innervation of the median nerve
anterior upper arm and anterior and lateral hand
what is the compartment of the ulnar nerve
brachial plexus
what is the innervations of the ulnar nerve
anterior forearm and anterior lateral hand
what is the compartment of the sciatic nerve
sacral plexus
what is the innervation of the sciatic nerve
posterior thigh
what is the compartment of the femoral nerve
lumbar plexus
what is the innveration of the femoral nerve
anterior hip and thigh
what is the compartment of the tibial nerve
sacral plexus
what is the innervation of the tibial nerve
posterior lower thigh
CNII Name, S, M, or Both
Optic Nerve, S
CNV Name, S, M, or Both
Trigeminal Nerve, muscles of mastication and facial sensation M
CNVII name, S, M, or Both
Facial, M, taste, muscles of facial expression, lacrimal gland, and salivary gland
CNX Name, S, M, or Both
Vagus, Mixed, Larynx, Trachea, Viscera, Aorta, Speech, Breathing, Swallowing
CNXII Name, S, M, or Both
Hypoglossal Nerve, M, Muscles of Tongue
how do hormones travel
secreted by cells into interstitial fluid, where they enter the bloodstream and bind to receptor on target cells
what are the endocrine glands
hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, pineal, gonads
where is the pituitary gland
in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
where is the pineal gland
inferior to posterior corpus collosum
where is the hypothalamus
inferior to thalamus in diencephalon
what is the structural difference between anterior and posterior hypothalamus
anterior is larger and produces hormones where posterior is small and only secretes and stores hormones
what is blood made of
plasma and formed elements
what percent of blood is plasma
55%
what pecent of blood is formed elements
45%
what is the name for total blood volume of red blood cells in blood
hematocrit
what is the average hematocrit
35-50%
what are red blood made of
plasma membrane, cytosol, and hemaglobin
what are the three types of granular luekocytes
basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
what do basophils do
inflammation and allergic reactions
what do eosinophils do
combat allergic reaction and attack parasites
what do neutrophils do
phagocytize bacteria
what are the two types of agranular leukocytes
lymphocytes and monocytes
what are lymphocytes
antibodies
what are monocytes
they leave blood to become macrophages
what are platelets
pieces of cells called megakaryocytes
what happens if your blood is Rh(+) and you are exposed to the Rh(-)
produce the anti-Rh antibodies
what happens if your blood is Rh(+) and you are exposed twice
anti-Rh antibodies will attack your blood cells
The left coronary artery has these two branches
anterior interventricular and circumflex
the right coronary arteries have these two branches
posterior interventricular and marginal
what are the two tunics of the blood bessels
internal, media and externa
what is tunica interna made of
simple squamous epithelial
what is the tunica media composed of
smooth muscle and elastic fibers
what is the tunic externa composed of
connective tissues
these are the two types of anastomoses
arterial and atriovenous
what is arterior anastomoses
2 arteries to 1 Capillary
what is the atriovenous anastomoses
skipping the metarteriole and going straight to the venule
what is a portal system
1 capillary network to another before going to the heart
what are two examples of the portal systems
hyphyseal and hepatic
