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HSS305 Anatomy > Chapter 16: The Brain > Flashcards

Chapter 16: The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

These are the four divisions of the brain

A

cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum

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2
Q

The functions of the cerebrum are…

A

receive/interpret stimuli, control motor movements, and cognitive/emotional processing

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3
Q

the cerebral hemisphere is divided into these lobes…

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital

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4
Q

The surface of the cerebrum that are the “hills” or folds

A

gyri/gyrus

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5
Q

the surface of the cerebrum that are the “valleys” or grooves

A

sulci

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6
Q

the surface of the cerebrum that is deep grooves

A

fissures

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7
Q

this is the deepest groove in the cerebrum

A

the longitudinal fissure

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8
Q

the longitudinal fissure divides the cerebrum to

A

left and right hemispheres

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9
Q

the central sulcus divides

A

frontal lobe and parietal lobe

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10
Q

the lateral fissure divides

A

frontal/pariental and the temporal lobe

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11
Q

the parieto-occipital sulcus divides

A

parietal and occipital lobes

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12
Q

the cerebral cortex is made of _____ matter

A

gray

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13
Q

the basal nuclei are made of ____ matter but surrounded by _____ matter

A

gray, white

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14
Q

what is the function of the cerebral cortex

A

higher-order functions: thinking, planning, judging, memory, language, attention

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15
Q

what does the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex do

A

speech center, writing, language, math

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16
Q

what does the right hemisphere of the cerebral cortex do

A

touch, spatial visualization

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17
Q

what does the frontal lobe specialize in?

A

skeletal muscle movement

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18
Q

what does the parietal lobe specialize in?

A

perception of touch pressure, temperature, pain and taste

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19
Q

what does the temporal lobe specialize in?

A

auditory and olfactory stimuli

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20
Q

what does the occipital lobe specialize in

A

visual perception

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21
Q

where is the primary motor cortex

A

the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

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22
Q

what does the primary motor cortex do

A

precise motor function

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23
Q

where is broca’s area

A

left hemisphere, superior to frontal lateral fissure

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24
Q

what does broca’s area do

A

motor speech, production and articulation

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25
Q

if broca’s area is damaged, what happens?

A

you would not be able to form speech, couldn’t talk

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26
Q

where is the primary somatosensory cortex

A

postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe

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27
Q

what is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex

A

receive sensation impulses for pain, pressure, and temperature

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28
Q

where is the primary visual cortex

A

most posterior part of the occipital lobe

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29
Q

what function does the primary visual cortex hold

A

receives visual information

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30
Q

where is the olfactory cortex located

A

inferior surface of the frontal lobe

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31
Q

what is the function of the olfactory cortex

A

receives signals in response to smell

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32
Q

what does the gustatory cortex do

A

receive info from taste receptors on tongue and pharynx

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33
Q

where is the gustatory cortex located

A

anterior portion of insula

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34
Q

where is the auditory cortex located

A

superior part of the temporal lobe

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35
Q

what is the function of the auditory cortex

A

receive stimuli towards sound

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36
Q

the primary somatososensory, primary visual, olfactory, gustatory, and auditory cortexes are all ______ areas

A

sensory areas

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37
Q

the primary motor cortex and broca’s area are ____ areas

A

functional areas

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38
Q

the premotor, prefrontal, somatosensory association, auditory association, visual association, wernicke’s area and basal nuclei are all _____ area’s

A

association areas

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39
Q

where is the premotor area located

A

anterior to primary motor cortex

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40
Q

what is the function of the premotor area

A

planning area for motor functions

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41
Q

where is the prefrontal area located

A

anterior of frontal lobe and cerebrum

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42
Q

what is the function by the prefrontal area

A

regulation of emotion, motivation

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43
Q

what happens if the prefrontal area is damaged?

A

difficulty controlling behaviors and making decisions

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44
Q

where is the somatosensory association area

A

posterior primary somatosensory cortex

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45
Q

what is the function of the somatosensory association area

A

perception of somatic sensation

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46
Q

if the somatosensory association area is damaged, what happens

A

inability to interpret sensation

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47
Q

where is the auditory association area located

A

primary auditory cortex

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48
Q

what is the function of the auditory association area

A

recognizing sound, interpreting what is heard

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49
Q

where is the visual association area

A

primary visual cortex

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50
Q

what is the function of the visual association area

A

recognize and evaluate objects by sight

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51
Q

where is wernicke’s area

A

left hemisphere of parietal and temporal lobes

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52
Q

what is the function of wernicke’s area

A

understand and verbalize speech (integrative)

53
Q

what happens if wernicke’s area is damaged

A

do not understand questions, talk in meaningless speech

54
Q

where is the basal nuclei located

A

inferior part of the cerebrum

55
Q

what is the function of the basal nuclei

A

regulate voluntary muscle movements that are planned

56
Q

name two gray matter disorders

A

parkinson’s disease and huntington’s disease

57
Q

what is the cause of parkinson’s disease

A

increase in basal nuclei function

58
Q

what are the symptoms of parkinson’s disease

A

difficulty initiating movement at normal rate, slow movement or no movement at all. Can have ridgidness or resting tremor

59
Q

what is the cause of Huntington’s Disease

A

genetic diseases where there is a decrease in basal nuclei functions

60
Q

name two characteristics of Huntington’s disease

A

dyskinesia (erratic movements) and chorea (erratic movements)

61
Q

White matter is composed of

A

nerve fibers called tracts

62
Q

fibers that interconnect regions on different hemispheres

A

commisural fibers

63
Q

fibers that interconnect regions of the same hemisphere

A

association fibers

64
Q

fibers that connect cerebral cortext to diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord

A

Projection fibers

65
Q

Name three structures that are all made of white matter

A

corpus callosum, anterior commisure and internal capsule

66
Q

what is the corpus callosum

A

band of fibers joining hemispheres

67
Q

what is anterior commissure

A

connect the equivalent lobes of different hemispheres

68
Q

what two white matter structures are made of commisural fibers

A

corpus callosum and anterior commissure

69
Q

what is the internal capsule

A

connects cortex to the other structures of the CNS

70
Q

name the three parts of the diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

71
Q

where is the thalamus located

A

inferior to corpus callosum and lateral to ventricles

72
Q

what does the thalamus do

A

relay sensory and motor information pathways

73
Q

where is the hypothalamus located

A

inferior to the thalamus

74
Q

what does the hypothalamus do

A

regulate endocrine and autonomic system

75
Q

what kinds of things does the hypothalamus regulate

A

rage, pain, pleasure, hunger, thirst, body temperature

76
Q

where is the epithalamus located

A

posterior to thalamus

77
Q

what does the epithalamus contain

A

pineal gland

78
Q

what does the epithalamus do

A

secretes malatonin and contributes to circadian rhythm

79
Q

what does the limbic system do

A

regulate emotions and memories

80
Q

what are the three structures of the limbic system

A

hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus

81
Q

what does the hypothalamus do

A

produce hormones, control water, control sleep cycle, temperature, and hunger

82
Q

what does the amygdala do

A

prepares body for emergencies, stores memory

83
Q

what does the hippocamus do

A

deals with learning and memory

84
Q

what are the three parts of the brainstem

A

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

85
Q

where is the midbrain located

A

inferior and posterior to thalamus

86
Q

what does the midbrain do

A

process visual, auditory, and motor reflexes

87
Q

where is the pons

A

inferior to midbrain and anterior to cerebellum

88
Q

what is the function of the pons

A

relay information from cerebrum to cerebellum, has role in sleep, respiration, swallowing, eye movements

89
Q

where is the medulla oblongata

A

continuous with spinal chord

90
Q

what does the medulla oblongata do

A

regulate heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, hiccupping

91
Q

where is the cerebellum located

A

posterior to the pons

92
Q

what does the cerebellum do

A

coordinate skeletal muscle movements, posture and balance

93
Q

What are the cranial meninges

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

94
Q

this is the most superficial layer of the meninges

A

dura mater

95
Q

what are the two layers of the dura mater

A

endosteal layer and meningeal layer

96
Q

what is the outermost layer of the dura mater

A

endosteal layer

97
Q

the inner layer of the dura mater

A

meningeal layer

98
Q

what is the space between the two dural layers

A

dural sinus

99
Q

Name the four dural folds of the meningeal layer of the dura

A

fal cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli, and diaphragma sella

100
Q

where is the falx cerebri

A

extends into longitudinal fissure

101
Q

where is the tentorium cerebelli

A

divid cerebral hemisphere from cerebellar hemisphere

102
Q

where is the falx cerebelli

A

separates cerebella hemisphere

103
Q

where is the diaphragma sella

A

anchors due to shenoid and covers pituitary

104
Q

what is the arachnoid mater

A

middle layer of the cranial meninges

105
Q

this projection etends into the dural sinus but is part of the arachnoid mater

A

arachnoid granulation

106
Q

this cranial meninges directly adheres to the brain

A

pia mater

107
Q

The three spaces of the brain are…

A

epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid

108
Q

what type of space is the epidural space

A

potential

109
Q

where is the epidural space

A

between the cranium and periosteal layer

110
Q

what type of space is the subdural space

A

potential

111
Q

where is the subdural space

A

between the dua matter and arachnoid matter

112
Q

what type of space is the subarachnoid space

A

real

113
Q

where is the subarachnoid space

A

between the arachnoid and pia matter

114
Q

what is inbetween the subarachnoid space

A

fluids, arteries, and veins

115
Q

ventricles in the brain are filled with

A

cerebrospinal fluid

116
Q

The lateral ventricles opens into the ___ ventricle via the ______

A

3rd, interventicular foramen

117
Q

The third ventricle is located

A

between the lobes of the thalamus

118
Q

the third ventricle opens to the ___ ventricle via the ______

A

4th, cerebral aqueduct

119
Q

the fourth ventricle extends into the ______

A

central canal of spinal cord

120
Q

where is the fourth ventricle

A

the posterior part of the pons and medulla

121
Q

What is CSF

A

cerebrospinal fluid

122
Q

how makes cerebrospinal fluid

A

ependymal cells (glial of CNS)

123
Q

what are the functions of CSF

A

cushion/absorb shock and keep homeostasis and metabolism of the CNS

124
Q

Where is CSF absorbed

A

in the arachnoid granulations (from subarachnoid space to dua matter via the bloodstream

125
Q

what is hypochephalus

A

the overproduction, obstruction, or issues absorbing CSF

126
Q

what is the result of hypochephalus

A

excess CSF in ventricles

127
Q

what is the treatment of hypochephalus

A

implant a shunt to divert excess CSF

128
Q

what does blood-brain barrier do

A

protect brain from variations in blood and toxins

129
Q

what forms blood-brain barriers

A

endothelial cells, astrocyte process, and pericytes

HSS305 Anatomy (20 decks)

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