Chapter 16: The Brain Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
These are the four divisions of the brain
A
cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum
2
Q
The functions of the cerebrum are…
A
receive/interpret stimuli, control motor movements, and cognitive/emotional processing
3
Q
the cerebral hemisphere is divided into these lobes…
A
frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
4
Q
The surface of the cerebrum that are the “hills” or folds
A
gyri/gyrus
5
Q
the surface of the cerebrum that are the “valleys” or grooves
A
sulci
6
Q
the surface of the cerebrum that is deep grooves
A
fissures
7
Q
this is the deepest groove in the cerebrum
A
the longitudinal fissure
8
Q
the longitudinal fissure divides the cerebrum to
A
left and right hemispheres
9
Q
the central sulcus divides
A
frontal lobe and parietal lobe
10
Q
the lateral fissure divides
A
frontal/pariental and the temporal lobe
11
Q
the parieto-occipital sulcus divides
A
parietal and occipital lobes
12
Q
the cerebral cortex is made of _____ matter
A
gray
13
Q
the basal nuclei are made of ____ matter but surrounded by _____ matter
A
gray, white
14
Q
what is the function of the cerebral cortex
A
higher-order functions: thinking, planning, judging, memory, language, attention
15
Q
what does the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex do
A
speech center, writing, language, math
16
Q
what does the right hemisphere of the cerebral cortex do
A
touch, spatial visualization
17
Q
what does the frontal lobe specialize in?
A
skeletal muscle movement
18
Q
what does the parietal lobe specialize in?
A
perception of touch pressure, temperature, pain and taste
19
Q
what does the temporal lobe specialize in?
A
auditory and olfactory stimuli
20
Q
what does the occipital lobe specialize in
A
visual perception
21
Q
where is the primary motor cortex
A
the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
22
Q
what does the primary motor cortex do
A
precise motor function
23
Q
where is broca’s area
A
left hemisphere, superior to frontal lateral fissure
24
Q
what does broca’s area do
A
motor speech, production and articulation
25
if broca's area is damaged, what happens?
you would not be able to form speech, couldn't talk
26
where is the primary somatosensory cortex
postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe
27
what is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex
receive sensation impulses for pain, pressure, and temperature
28
where is the primary visual cortex
most posterior part of the occipital lobe
29
what function does the primary visual cortex hold
receives visual information
30
where is the olfactory cortex located
inferior surface of the frontal lobe
31
what is the function of the olfactory cortex
receives signals in response to smell
32
what does the gustatory cortex do
receive info from taste receptors on tongue and pharynx
33
where is the gustatory cortex located
anterior portion of insula
34
where is the auditory cortex located
superior part of the temporal lobe
35
what is the function of the auditory cortex
receive stimuli towards sound
36
the primary somatososensory, primary visual, olfactory, gustatory, and auditory cortexes are all ______ areas
sensory areas
37
the primary motor cortex and broca's area are ____ areas
functional areas
38
the premotor, prefrontal, somatosensory association, auditory association, visual association, wernicke's area and basal nuclei are all _____ area's
association areas
39
where is the premotor area located
anterior to primary motor cortex
40
what is the function of the premotor area
planning area for motor functions
41
where is the prefrontal area located
anterior of frontal lobe and cerebrum
42
what is the function by the prefrontal area
regulation of emotion, motivation
43
what happens if the prefrontal area is damaged?
difficulty controlling behaviors and making decisions
44
where is the somatosensory association area
posterior primary somatosensory cortex
45
what is the function of the somatosensory association area
perception of somatic sensation
46
if the somatosensory association area is damaged, what happens
inability to interpret sensation
47
where is the auditory association area located
primary auditory cortex
48
what is the function of the auditory association area
recognizing sound, interpreting what is heard
49
where is the visual association area
primary visual cortex
50
what is the function of the visual association area
recognize and evaluate objects by sight
51
where is wernicke's area
left hemisphere of parietal and temporal lobes
52
what is the function of wernicke's area
understand and verbalize speech (integrative)
53
what happens if wernicke's area is damaged
do not understand questions, talk in meaningless speech
54
where is the basal nuclei located
inferior part of the cerebrum
55
what is the function of the basal nuclei
regulate voluntary muscle movements that are planned
56
name two gray matter disorders
parkinson's disease and huntington's disease
57
what is the cause of parkinson's disease
increase in basal nuclei function
58
what are the symptoms of parkinson's disease
difficulty initiating movement at normal rate, slow movement or no movement at all. Can have ridgidness or resting tremor
59
what is the cause of Huntington's Disease
genetic diseases where there is a decrease in basal nuclei functions
60
name two characteristics of Huntington's disease
dyskinesia (erratic movements) and chorea (erratic movements)
61
White matter is composed of
nerve fibers called tracts
62
fibers that interconnect regions on different hemispheres
commisural fibers
63
fibers that interconnect regions of the same hemisphere
association fibers
64
fibers that connect cerebral cortext to diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord
Projection fibers
65
Name three structures that are all made of white matter
corpus callosum, anterior commisure and internal capsule
66
what is the corpus callosum
band of fibers joining hemispheres
67
what is anterior commissure
connect the equivalent lobes of different hemispheres
68
what two white matter structures are made of commisural fibers
corpus callosum and anterior commissure
69
what is the internal capsule
connects cortex to the other structures of the CNS
70
name the three parts of the diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
71
where is the thalamus located
inferior to corpus callosum and lateral to ventricles
72
what does the thalamus do
relay sensory and motor information pathways
73
where is the hypothalamus located
inferior to the thalamus
74
what does the hypothalamus do
regulate endocrine and autonomic system
75
what kinds of things does the hypothalamus regulate
rage, pain, pleasure, hunger, thirst, body temperature
76
where is the epithalamus located
posterior to thalamus
77
what does the epithalamus contain
pineal gland
78
what does the epithalamus do
secretes malatonin and contributes to circadian rhythm
79
what does the limbic system do
regulate emotions and memories
80
what are the three structures of the limbic system
hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus
81
what does the hypothalamus do
produce hormones, control water, control sleep cycle, temperature, and hunger
82
what does the amygdala do
prepares body for emergencies, stores memory
83
what does the hippocamus do
deals with learning and memory
84
what are the three parts of the brainstem
midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
85
where is the midbrain located
inferior and posterior to thalamus
86
what does the midbrain do
process visual, auditory, and motor reflexes
87
where is the pons
inferior to midbrain and anterior to cerebellum
88
what is the function of the pons
relay information from cerebrum to cerebellum, has role in sleep, respiration, swallowing, eye movements
89
where is the medulla oblongata
continuous with spinal chord
90
what does the medulla oblongata do
regulate heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, hiccupping
91
where is the cerebellum located
posterior to the pons
92
what does the cerebellum do
coordinate skeletal muscle movements, posture and balance
93
What are the cranial meninges
dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
94
this is the most superficial layer of the meninges
dura mater
95
what are the two layers of the dura mater
endosteal layer and meningeal layer
96
what is the outermost layer of the dura mater
endosteal layer
97
the inner layer of the dura mater
meningeal layer
98
what is the space between the two dural layers
dural sinus
99
Name the four dural folds of the meningeal layer of the dura
fal cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli, and diaphragma sella
100
where is the falx cerebri
extends into longitudinal fissure
101
where is the tentorium cerebelli
divid cerebral hemisphere from cerebellar hemisphere
102
where is the falx cerebelli
separates cerebella hemisphere
103
where is the diaphragma sella
anchors due to shenoid and covers pituitary
104
what is the arachnoid mater
middle layer of the cranial meninges
105
this projection etends into the dural sinus but is part of the arachnoid mater
arachnoid granulation
106
this cranial meninges directly adheres to the brain
pia mater
107
The three spaces of the brain are...
epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid
108
what type of space is the epidural space
potential
109
where is the epidural space
between the cranium and periosteal layer
110
what type of space is the subdural space
potential
111
where is the subdural space
between the dua matter and arachnoid matter
112
what type of space is the subarachnoid space
real
113
where is the subarachnoid space
between the arachnoid and pia matter
114
what is inbetween the subarachnoid space
fluids, arteries, and veins
115
ventricles in the brain are filled with
cerebrospinal fluid
116
The lateral ventricles opens into the ___ ventricle via the ______
3rd, interventicular foramen
117
The third ventricle is located
between the lobes of the thalamus
118
the third ventricle opens to the ___ ventricle via the ______
4th, cerebral aqueduct
119
the fourth ventricle extends into the ______
central canal of spinal cord
120
where is the fourth ventricle
the posterior part of the pons and medulla
121
What is CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
122
how makes cerebrospinal fluid
ependymal cells (glial of CNS)
123
what are the functions of CSF
cushion/absorb shock and keep homeostasis and metabolism of the CNS
124
Where is CSF absorbed
in the arachnoid granulations (from subarachnoid space to dua matter via the bloodstream
125
what is hypochephalus
the overproduction, obstruction, or issues absorbing CSF
126
what is the result of hypochephalus
excess CSF in ventricles
127
what is the treatment of hypochephalus
implant a shunt to divert excess CSF
128
what does blood-brain barrier do
protect brain from variations in blood and toxins
129
what forms blood-brain barriers
endothelial cells, astrocyte process, and pericytes
