Chapter 16: The Brain Flashcards
These are the four divisions of the brain
cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum
The functions of the cerebrum are…
receive/interpret stimuli, control motor movements, and cognitive/emotional processing
the cerebral hemisphere is divided into these lobes…
frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
The surface of the cerebrum that are the “hills” or folds
gyri/gyrus
the surface of the cerebrum that are the “valleys” or grooves
sulci
the surface of the cerebrum that is deep grooves
fissures
this is the deepest groove in the cerebrum
the longitudinal fissure
the longitudinal fissure divides the cerebrum to
left and right hemispheres
the central sulcus divides
frontal lobe and parietal lobe
the lateral fissure divides
frontal/pariental and the temporal lobe
the parieto-occipital sulcus divides
parietal and occipital lobes
the cerebral cortex is made of _____ matter
gray
the basal nuclei are made of ____ matter but surrounded by _____ matter
gray, white
what is the function of the cerebral cortex
higher-order functions: thinking, planning, judging, memory, language, attention
what does the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex do
speech center, writing, language, math
what does the right hemisphere of the cerebral cortex do
touch, spatial visualization
what does the frontal lobe specialize in?
skeletal muscle movement
what does the parietal lobe specialize in?
perception of touch pressure, temperature, pain and taste
what does the temporal lobe specialize in?
auditory and olfactory stimuli
what does the occipital lobe specialize in
visual perception
where is the primary motor cortex
the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
what does the primary motor cortex do
precise motor function
where is broca’s area
left hemisphere, superior to frontal lateral fissure
what does broca’s area do
motor speech, production and articulation
if broca’s area is damaged, what happens?
you would not be able to form speech, couldn’t talk
where is the primary somatosensory cortex
postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe
what is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex
receive sensation impulses for pain, pressure, and temperature
where is the primary visual cortex
most posterior part of the occipital lobe
what function does the primary visual cortex hold
receives visual information
where is the olfactory cortex located
inferior surface of the frontal lobe
what is the function of the olfactory cortex
receives signals in response to smell
what does the gustatory cortex do
receive info from taste receptors on tongue and pharynx
where is the gustatory cortex located
anterior portion of insula
where is the auditory cortex located
superior part of the temporal lobe
what is the function of the auditory cortex
receive stimuli towards sound
the primary somatososensory, primary visual, olfactory, gustatory, and auditory cortexes are all ______ areas
sensory areas
the primary motor cortex and broca’s area are ____ areas
functional areas
the premotor, prefrontal, somatosensory association, auditory association, visual association, wernicke’s area and basal nuclei are all _____ area’s
association areas
where is the premotor area located
anterior to primary motor cortex
what is the function of the premotor area
planning area for motor functions
where is the prefrontal area located
anterior of frontal lobe and cerebrum
what is the function by the prefrontal area
regulation of emotion, motivation
what happens if the prefrontal area is damaged?
difficulty controlling behaviors and making decisions
where is the somatosensory association area
posterior primary somatosensory cortex
what is the function of the somatosensory association area
perception of somatic sensation
if the somatosensory association area is damaged, what happens
inability to interpret sensation
where is the auditory association area located
primary auditory cortex
what is the function of the auditory association area
recognizing sound, interpreting what is heard
where is the visual association area
primary visual cortex
what is the function of the visual association area
recognize and evaluate objects by sight
where is wernicke’s area
left hemisphere of parietal and temporal lobes
what is the function of wernicke’s area
understand and verbalize speech (integrative)
what happens if wernicke’s area is damaged
do not understand questions, talk in meaningless speech
where is the basal nuclei located
inferior part of the cerebrum
what is the function of the basal nuclei
regulate voluntary muscle movements that are planned
name two gray matter disorders
parkinson’s disease and huntington’s disease
what is the cause of parkinson’s disease
increase in basal nuclei function
what are the symptoms of parkinson’s disease
difficulty initiating movement at normal rate, slow movement or no movement at all. Can have ridgidness or resting tremor
what is the cause of Huntington’s Disease
genetic diseases where there is a decrease in basal nuclei functions
name two characteristics of Huntington’s disease
dyskinesia (erratic movements) and chorea (erratic movements)
White matter is composed of
nerve fibers called tracts
fibers that interconnect regions on different hemispheres
commisural fibers
fibers that interconnect regions of the same hemisphere
association fibers
fibers that connect cerebral cortext to diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord
Projection fibers
Name three structures that are all made of white matter
corpus callosum, anterior commisure and internal capsule
what is the corpus callosum
band of fibers joining hemispheres
what is anterior commissure
connect the equivalent lobes of different hemispheres
what two white matter structures are made of commisural fibers
corpus callosum and anterior commissure
what is the internal capsule
connects cortex to the other structures of the CNS
name the three parts of the diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
where is the thalamus located
inferior to corpus callosum and lateral to ventricles
what does the thalamus do
relay sensory and motor information pathways
where is the hypothalamus located
inferior to the thalamus
what does the hypothalamus do
regulate endocrine and autonomic system
what kinds of things does the hypothalamus regulate
rage, pain, pleasure, hunger, thirst, body temperature
where is the epithalamus located
posterior to thalamus
what does the epithalamus contain
pineal gland
what does the epithalamus do
secretes malatonin and contributes to circadian rhythm
what does the limbic system do
regulate emotions and memories
what are the three structures of the limbic system
hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus
what does the hypothalamus do
produce hormones, control water, control sleep cycle, temperature, and hunger
what does the amygdala do
prepares body for emergencies, stores memory
what does the hippocamus do
deals with learning and memory
what are the three parts of the brainstem
midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
where is the midbrain located
inferior and posterior to thalamus
what does the midbrain do
process visual, auditory, and motor reflexes
where is the pons
inferior to midbrain and anterior to cerebellum
what is the function of the pons
relay information from cerebrum to cerebellum, has role in sleep, respiration, swallowing, eye movements
where is the medulla oblongata
continuous with spinal chord
what does the medulla oblongata do
regulate heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, hiccupping
where is the cerebellum located
posterior to the pons
what does the cerebellum do
coordinate skeletal muscle movements, posture and balance
What are the cranial meninges
dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
this is the most superficial layer of the meninges
dura mater
what are the two layers of the dura mater
endosteal layer and meningeal layer
what is the outermost layer of the dura mater
endosteal layer
the inner layer of the dura mater
meningeal layer
what is the space between the two dural layers
dural sinus
Name the four dural folds of the meningeal layer of the dura
fal cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli, and diaphragma sella
where is the falx cerebri
extends into longitudinal fissure
where is the tentorium cerebelli
divid cerebral hemisphere from cerebellar hemisphere
where is the falx cerebelli
separates cerebella hemisphere
where is the diaphragma sella
anchors due to shenoid and covers pituitary
what is the arachnoid mater
middle layer of the cranial meninges
this projection etends into the dural sinus but is part of the arachnoid mater
arachnoid granulation
this cranial meninges directly adheres to the brain
pia mater
The three spaces of the brain are…
epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid
what type of space is the epidural space
potential
where is the epidural space
between the cranium and periosteal layer
what type of space is the subdural space
potential
where is the subdural space
between the dua matter and arachnoid matter
what type of space is the subarachnoid space
real
where is the subarachnoid space
between the arachnoid and pia matter
what is inbetween the subarachnoid space
fluids, arteries, and veins
ventricles in the brain are filled with
cerebrospinal fluid
The lateral ventricles opens into the ___ ventricle via the ______
3rd, interventicular foramen
The third ventricle is located
between the lobes of the thalamus
the third ventricle opens to the ___ ventricle via the ______
4th, cerebral aqueduct
the fourth ventricle extends into the ______
central canal of spinal cord
where is the fourth ventricle
the posterior part of the pons and medulla
What is CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
how makes cerebrospinal fluid
ependymal cells (glial of CNS)
what are the functions of CSF
cushion/absorb shock and keep homeostasis and metabolism of the CNS
Where is CSF absorbed
in the arachnoid granulations (from subarachnoid space to dua matter via the bloodstream
what is hypochephalus
the overproduction, obstruction, or issues absorbing CSF
what is the result of hypochephalus
excess CSF in ventricles
what is the treatment of hypochephalus
implant a shunt to divert excess CSF
what does blood-brain barrier do
protect brain from variations in blood and toxins
what forms blood-brain barriers
endothelial cells, astrocyte process, and pericytes
