Chapter 19: Endocrine System Flashcards
the endocrine system works closely with this system
nervous system
how does the endocrine system communicate
through hormones
what type of cellular communication occurs in the human body
direct, paracrine, endocrine, and synaptic
what is direct communication
cell to cell communication through gap junctions
what is paracrine communication
communication within the tissues
what is synaptic communication
communication of nuerotransmitters through synaptic clefts of neurons
what determines the types of hormone that is released
the chemical structure
how can hormones affect cells in another part of the body?
hormones are secreted by cells enter interstitial fluid, enter the bloodstream and is transported through the body, and finally binds to the receptors on the target cells
how long does the process of hormone communication take?
slow process, minutes
where are target cells located
mostly in glands, but also can be found in muscles, bones, kidney, and other organs
these types of glands secrete into ducts of the lumen, body cavities, and body surface (usually the epithelial tissue)
exocrine
these types of glands secrete hormones
endocrine
structure that links the nervous system and the endocrine system
hypothalamus
what does the hypothalamus secrete
regulatory hormones
where are the regulatory hormones travel
to the anterior pituitary through the hypophyseal portal system
where is the pituitary gland
the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
the pituitary gland is seperated into
anterior and posterior pituitary
the anterior pituitary is also known as
adenohyphysis
this connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus
infundibulum
which section of the pituitary gland is larger
anterior
name the hormones that are produced and secreted in the anterior pituitary gland
andrenocorticotropic (ACTH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), human growth hormone (HGH), prolactin (PRL), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH)
what does the growth hormone do
increase protein synthesis and cell replication
what does prolactin do
increase milk production and develope mammary glands
what does follicle stimulating hormone do
send hormones to develop gametes
what does luteinizing hormone do
send hormoens to gonads to release their own hormones
the posterior pituitary is also known as
neurohypophysis
what type of cells does the posterior pituitary gland store and secrete
neurosecretory cells
what hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete
antidiuretic hormones (ADH) and oxytocin
what does antidiuretic hormones (ADH) do?
holds water in kidneys
what does oxytocin do
muscle contraction in uterus when giving birth
Where is the thyroid gland
below larynx
what does the theyroid gland look like
butterfly shaped with a right and left lobe
name the hormones associated with the thyroid gland
T3, T4, and calcitonin
what do the hormones of the thyroid gland do
T3/T4 regulate metabolic rate, calcitonin decreases calcium levels in blood
where is the parathyroid gland found
the four small masses posterior surface of the thyroid, viewable at microscopic level.
what hormone does parathyroid gland produce and secrete
parathyroid hormone
what do hormones of the parathyroid do
increase blood calcium levels
Where is the adrenal glands?
superior to kidney
where is the adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland
the peripheral
what hormones are associated with the adrenal cortex
aldosterone, cortisol, and cortisone
what do hormones of the adrenal cortex do
aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels, while cortisol and cortisone is release in times of stress to inhibit cells that cause inflamation
explain how hormones of the adrenal cortex are associated with heart attacks
an increase in cortisone specifically can increase the fatty acid levels in the blood. This influences heart disease and in turn can increase risk of heart attacks
where is the adrenal medulla
the inner region of the adrenal gland
what hormones are associated with the adrenal medulla
epinephrine and norephinephrine
what do hormones of the adrenal medulla do
stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, called the “flight or fight” hormones that increase heart rate and glycogen breakdown
this structure has both exocrine and endocrine functions
pancreas
these are the clusters of tissues found in the pancreas
the pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans
what hormones are released in the pancreas
glucagen and insulin
what do hormones of the pancreas do
regulate blood sugar. glucagen increase blood sugar levels, while insulin decreases blood sugar levels
where is the pineal gland
in the diencephalon of the epithalamus, inferior to the posterior end of the corpus collusm
what hormone does the pineal gland secrete and produce, what is it’s function
melatonin that regulates one’s circadian rhythm
what is the function of the gonads
produce gametes
what are the gonads for women
ovaries
what are the gonads for men
testes
what hormones do ovaries produce
estrogen and progesteron
what hormone does the testes produce
testosterone
