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HSS305 Anatomy > Chapter 19: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 19: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

the endocrine system works closely with this system

A

nervous system

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2
Q

how does the endocrine system communicate

A

through hormones

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3
Q

what type of cellular communication occurs in the human body

A

direct, paracrine, endocrine, and synaptic

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4
Q

what is direct communication

A

cell to cell communication through gap junctions

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5
Q

what is paracrine communication

A

communication within the tissues

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6
Q

what is synaptic communication

A

communication of nuerotransmitters through synaptic clefts of neurons

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7
Q

what determines the types of hormone that is released

A

the chemical structure

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8
Q

how can hormones affect cells in another part of the body?

A

hormones are secreted by cells enter interstitial fluid, enter the bloodstream and is transported through the body, and finally binds to the receptors on the target cells

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9
Q

how long does the process of hormone communication take?

A

slow process, minutes

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10
Q

where are target cells located

A

mostly in glands, but also can be found in muscles, bones, kidney, and other organs

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11
Q

these types of glands secrete into ducts of the lumen, body cavities, and body surface (usually the epithelial tissue)

A

exocrine

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12
Q

these types of glands secrete hormones

A

endocrine

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13
Q

structure that links the nervous system and the endocrine system

A

hypothalamus

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14
Q

what does the hypothalamus secrete

A

regulatory hormones

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15
Q

where are the regulatory hormones travel

A

to the anterior pituitary through the hypophyseal portal system

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16
Q

where is the pituitary gland

A

the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

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17
Q

the pituitary gland is seperated into

A

anterior and posterior pituitary

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18
Q

the anterior pituitary is also known as

A

adenohyphysis

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19
Q

this connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

A

infundibulum

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20
Q

which section of the pituitary gland is larger

A

anterior

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21
Q

name the hormones that are produced and secreted in the anterior pituitary gland

A

andrenocorticotropic (ACTH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), human growth hormone (HGH), prolactin (PRL), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH)

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22
Q

what does the growth hormone do

A

increase protein synthesis and cell replication

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23
Q

what does prolactin do

A

increase milk production and develope mammary glands

24
Q

what does follicle stimulating hormone do

A

send hormones to develop gametes

25
Q

what does luteinizing hormone do

A

send hormoens to gonads to release their own hormones

26
Q

the posterior pituitary is also known as

A

neurohypophysis

27
Q

what type of cells does the posterior pituitary gland store and secrete

A

neurosecretory cells

28
Q

what hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete

A

antidiuretic hormones (ADH) and oxytocin

29
Q

what does antidiuretic hormones (ADH) do?

A

holds water in kidneys

30
Q

what does oxytocin do

A

muscle contraction in uterus when giving birth

31
Q

Where is the thyroid gland

A

below larynx

32
Q

what does the theyroid gland look like

A

butterfly shaped with a right and left lobe

33
Q

name the hormones associated with the thyroid gland

A

T3, T4, and calcitonin

34
Q

what do the hormones of the thyroid gland do

A

T3/T4 regulate metabolic rate, calcitonin decreases calcium levels in blood

35
Q

where is the parathyroid gland found

A

the four small masses posterior surface of the thyroid, viewable at microscopic level.

36
Q

what hormone does parathyroid gland produce and secrete

A

parathyroid hormone

37
Q

what do hormones of the parathyroid do

A

increase blood calcium levels

38
Q

Where is the adrenal glands?

A

superior to kidney

39
Q

where is the adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland

A

the peripheral

40
Q

what hormones are associated with the adrenal cortex

A

aldosterone, cortisol, and cortisone

41
Q

what do hormones of the adrenal cortex do

A

aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels, while cortisol and cortisone is release in times of stress to inhibit cells that cause inflamation

42
Q

explain how hormones of the adrenal cortex are associated with heart attacks

A

an increase in cortisone specifically can increase the fatty acid levels in the blood. This influences heart disease and in turn can increase risk of heart attacks

43
Q

where is the adrenal medulla

A

the inner region of the adrenal gland

44
Q

what hormones are associated with the adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine and norephinephrine

45
Q

what do hormones of the adrenal medulla do

A

stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, called the “flight or fight” hormones that increase heart rate and glycogen breakdown

46
Q

this structure has both exocrine and endocrine functions

A

pancreas

47
Q

these are the clusters of tissues found in the pancreas

A

the pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans

48
Q

what hormones are released in the pancreas

A

glucagen and insulin

49
Q

what do hormones of the pancreas do

A

regulate blood sugar. glucagen increase blood sugar levels, while insulin decreases blood sugar levels

50
Q

where is the pineal gland

A

in the diencephalon of the epithalamus, inferior to the posterior end of the corpus collusm

51
Q

what hormone does the pineal gland secrete and produce, what is it’s function

A

melatonin that regulates one’s circadian rhythm

52
Q

what is the function of the gonads

A

produce gametes

53
Q

what are the gonads for women

A

ovaries

54
Q

what are the gonads for men

A

testes

55
Q

what hormones do ovaries produce

A

estrogen and progesteron

56
Q

what hormone does the testes produce

A

testosterone

HSS305 Anatomy (20 decks)

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