Chapter 2: Cellular Level of Organization Flashcards
proteins, lipids, and carbs come together to form what
cells
name the four types of tissues
muscle, nervous, connective, and epithelial
define the cell
basic structural element that can live on its own
how many types of cells are in the human body
230
what is the plasma membrane made of
phospholipid bilayer
properties of phosphorus head
hydrophilic/polar
properties of fatty acid tails
nonpolar/hydrophobic
what are membrane proteins
proteins that allow exchange from inside and outside
proteins that are not around the entire width of the membrane are
peripheral proteins
define integral proteins
proteins that span width of membrane and are partially inside and out of the membrane
define glycoproteins
carbohydrate chains that stick out of the membrane and are never inside of the cell
what do membrane proteins do
allow communication between calls, identify what kind of cell it is
what is the nucleus
the core of the cell
what does the nucleus do
store and process genetic info and control protein synthesis
what is the nuclear envelope
a phospholipid bilayer with not proteins outside of the nucleas with specific channels
what is chromatin
unwound DNA
what is a gene
a section of DNA that makes something specific. These genes can be inactive or active
How can all cells have DNA but have different cell functions
depending on which genes are inactive or active in the cell
what is the nucleolus
located in the core of the nucleus, the nucleolus is the site for rRna synthesis and production of ribosomal subunits.
define cytoplasm
everything inside cell but outside nucleus
what are the two components of the cytoplasm
cytosol and organelles
what is the cytosol
the fluid portion of the cell containing mostly water
what is an organelle?
a structure that carries our specific functions within the cell
what causes variation in the amount of organelles in a cell?
the type of cell it is
where are ribosomes
free in the cytosol or attached to the ER
what is the function of ribosomes
responsible for making proteins
what is the endoplasmic reticulum
the network of flattened tubules
name two types of ER
rough and smooth, rough contains ribosomes to modify proteins, smooth synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates
what is the function of the golgi apparatus
to modify, sort and package proteins, carbs, and lipids for transport to other parts of the cell
what are vesicles
packages
name the three types of vesicles
transfer, secretory and membrane
what do transfer vesicles do
transport packages to other parts of the cell
what do secretory vesicles do
move secretions outside of the cell
what do membrane vesicles do
send to be part of plasma membrane
what does the mitochondria do
produce ATP and aid cellular respiration
cells with lots of energy have lots of what
mitochondria
what are lysosomes
organelles that contain digestive enzymes for breaking down material
autophagy
self eating, lysosomes recycling and regaining energy by breaking
autolysis
self-destroy, lysosomes release enzymes to kill cell from inside out
what is a centrosome
contains centrioles and microtubules that move organelles and vesicles throughout cell, (railroad tracks to particular locations)
what types of movement occur in the centrosome via motor proteins
dynein move things to the center while kinesin moves things to the periphera
what is a cytoskeleton
a network of protein filaments
what are the three types of protein filaments in the cytoskeleton
microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments
what is microfilaments made of
protein actin
where are microfilaments found
the periphery of the cell
what do microfilaments do
provide mechanical support
what is microtubules made of
protein tubuilin
what do microtubules do
aid in movement of organelles within cell
where are intermediate filaments found
throughout the cytosol
what is the function of intermediate filaments
stabilize organelle position, anchor cells together, resist extracellular forces
what is a cellular projection
something that sticks out from surface
what is microvilli
a nonmatile, fingerlink projection from the cell surface that contains microfilaments in the core so they stick upright
what do microvilli do
increase surface are for absorption
what are cilia
motile projections on the surface that are longer than microvilli and contain microtubules for support
what does cilia do
move substances across cell surface
what is a flagella
a motile projection from cell surface with microtubules
what does flagella do
moves the entire sell
what is the only cell with a flagell
sperm cells
what is a receptor proteins
proteins that trigger vesicle formation when bound to ligand
ligands attach to what
receptor proteins
what are carrier proteins
proteins that help transportation across membrane in facilitated diffusion and active transport
