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HSS305 Anatomy > Chapter 25: Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 25: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two classifications of the digestive system

A

accessory organs and GI tract

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2
Q

what are some examples of accessory digestive organs

A

teeth, tongue, salivary gland, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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3
Q

what are some of the basic functions of the digestive system

A

ingestion, secretion, mixing and propulsion, digestion, absorption, and defecation

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4
Q

what is the peritoneum

A

the serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity

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5
Q

what is the peritoneum made of

A

simple squamous epithelial tissue

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6
Q

what is the parietal peritoneum

A

lining of the inside of the abdominopelvic cavity

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7
Q

what is the visceral peritoneum

A

the peritoneum that covers the organs within the abdominopelvic cavity

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8
Q

what is the serosa

A

another name for the visceral peritoneum

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9
Q

what is the paritoneal cavity

A

the space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum

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10
Q

what are retroperitoneal organs

A

organs on the posterior abdominal wall that are covered by parietal peritoneum only on the anterior side

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11
Q

what are two examples of retroperitoneal organs

A

pancreas and kidney

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12
Q

what is the mesentery

A

the double fold of parietal peritoneum that connects the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall

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13
Q

what is found in the mesentery

A

blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

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14
Q

what is the omentum

A

the double fold of visceral peritoneum, the “fat blanket”

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15
Q

what is the lesser omentum

A

found off of the lesser curvature of the stomach

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16
Q

what is the greater omentum

A

found off the greater curvature of the stomach and connects to the transverse colon

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17
Q

what is the oral cavity lined with

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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18
Q

what is the inferior part of the palate (hard palate) made of

A

palatine bone

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19
Q

hat type of muscle is the tongue

A

skeletal

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20
Q

what nerve innovates with the tongue

A

CNXII hypoglossal

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21
Q

what is found on the back of the tongue

A

taste buds/papillae CNVII and CNIX

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22
Q

when do primary/deciduous teeth erupt

A

6-24 months

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23
Q

how many primary teeth do we have

A

20

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24
Q

when do secondary/permanent teeth erupt

A

5-11

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25
Q

how many secondary teeth are their?

A

32

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26
Q

how many secondary teeth do you have if your wisdom teeth are taken out

A

28

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27
Q

what is found in saliva

A

salivary amylase

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28
Q

what does salivary amylase do

A

chemically break down carbohydrates

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29
Q

what are the three salivary glands

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

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30
Q

what are the four layers of the GI Tract from deep to superficial

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

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31
Q

what is the mucosa

A

the inner lining of epithelial tissue in direct contact with the lumen

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32
Q

what is the submucosa

A

layer of connective tissue superficial to mucosa that binds (stuff?)

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33
Q

what is the muscularis

A

the skeletal and smooth muscle tissue that is superficial to the submucosa

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34
Q

what is the serosa

A

the most superficial layer of simple squamous epithelium, also known as visceral peritoneum

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35
Q

what is the pharynx

A

a skeletal muscle lined with epithelial tissue that food passes through to get to the esophagus

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36
Q

where is the esophagus

A

begins at inferior laryngopharyx and runs through mediastinum through the hole of the diaphra, posterior to the trachea

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37
Q

what is the mucosa of the esophagus made of

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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38
Q

what is the muscularis layer of the superior esophagus

A

skeletal muscle

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39
Q

what is th emuscularis of the inferior esophagus

A

smooth muscle

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40
Q

what is peristalis

A

coordinated contractions of the muscularis that make sure food propels in the correct direction

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41
Q

what do the muscles ahead of food do

A

relax

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42
Q

what do the muscles behind food do

A

contract

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43
Q

what is the upper esophageal sphincter

A

skeletal muscle that regulates air from passing into the esophagus from the pharynx

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44
Q

what is the lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter)

A

smooth muscle tissue that regulates food that passes into the stomach and blocks stomach acid from burning the esophagus

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45
Q

what is the function of the stomach

A

a mixing chamber and reserovior for food

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46
Q

what are the regions of the stomach

A

cardiac, fundus, body, and pyloric region

47
Q

what is the pyloric sphincter

A

the smooth muscle that regulates food entering the duodenum

48
Q

what are the two curvatures of the stomach

A

greater curvature and lesser curvature

49
Q

what is the mucosa of the stomach made of

A

simple columnar epithelial tissue

50
Q

what are gastric pits

A

indentations within the mucosa with gastric glands

51
Q

what are the three types of gastric glands

A

g cells, parietal cells, and chief

52
Q

what do g cells do

A

secrete gastric

53
Q

what do parietal cells do

A

produce intrinsic factor and HCL to absorb vitamin B12

54
Q

what do chief cells do

A

secrete pepsinogen (to dissolve proteins) and gastric lipase (to dissolve lipids)

55
Q

what is the muscularis of the stomach made of

A

smooth muscle

56
Q

what are the three layers of smooth muscle in the stomach

A

outer longitudinal layer, middle circular layer, and inner oblique layer

57
Q

what are rugae

A

the large folds of mucosa in the inside wall of the stomach

58
Q

how much can the stomach stretch with the rugae

A

50X the empty size

59
Q

how long is the small intestine

A

10 feet living and 20 in a cadaver

60
Q

what are the three regions of the small intestine

A

duoednum, jejunum, and the illeum

61
Q

where is the duodenum

A

the c shape that wraps around the head of the pancreas

62
Q

what is found within the duodenum

A

the major and minor duodenal papilla

63
Q

what is the end of the small intestine in the illeum

A

the ileocecal valve/sphincter

64
Q

what is the mucosa of the small intestine

A

simple columnar epithelium

65
Q

what are goblet cells

A

specialized cells found within the epithelial mucosa of the small intestine

66
Q

what types of cells do the intestinal glands have

A

paneth cells and endocrine cells

67
Q

what does paneth cells secrete

A

lysozyme

68
Q

what does endocrine cells of the intestinal glands secrete

A

secretin and CCK (cholecystokinin) hormones

69
Q

what are the two layers of the muscularis

A

longitudinal outer layer and circular inner layer

70
Q

what is the plicae circularis

A

circular folds in the inner lining of the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine

71
Q

what is villi

A

projections of mucosa into the lumen

72
Q

what are in each of the villus core

A

venule, arteriole, capillary network, and central lacteal.

73
Q

what are central lacreals

A

lymphatic capillaries that absorb lipids

74
Q

what do villus do

A

absorb nutrients via the capillary network

75
Q

what is microvilli

A

microscopic projections on each epithelial cell that further allow increased surface area

76
Q

what are the functions of the large intestine

A

absorption of water and elimination of waste

77
Q

what are the four regions of the large intestine

A

cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal

78
Q

what is the appendix

A

an attachment to the cecum that plays a role in immunity

79
Q

what is apendicitis

A

inflammation of the appendix due to an obstruction from collection of becteria

80
Q

what are the symptoms of apendicitis

A

abdominal pan, fever, and nausea and vommiting

81
Q

what is the removal of the appendix

A

appendectomy

82
Q

what is peritonosis

A

burst of the appendix after inflammation of the peritenium

83
Q

what are the four regions and two curvatures of the colon

A

ascending colon, right coli flexure, transverse colon, left colic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon

84
Q

where is the rectum located

A

anterior to the sacrum and coccyx that extends from the sigmoid colon to the anal canal

85
Q

what is the function of the rectum

A

store feces

86
Q

how long is the anal canal

A

2-3 cm

87
Q

what muscle is the internal anal sphincter

A

smooth muscle (involuntary)

88
Q

what muscle is the external anal sphincter

A

skeletal muscle (voluntary)

89
Q

what is the mucosa of the large intestine wall

A

simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells

90
Q

what are the two layers of the muscularis

A

external longitudinal layer and internal circular layer

91
Q

what is the tenia coli

A

thick band of muscularis running longitudinally along the colon

92
Q

what are haustra

A

contractions of the tenia coli that gather to make pouches

93
Q

what is the serosa of the large intestine

A

epiploic appendages

94
Q

what are epiploic appendages

A

small pouches of visceral peritoneum filled with fat along the colon

95
Q

what are the four lobes of the liver

A

right, left, caudate, and quadate

96
Q

what are the three ligaments on the liver

A

coronary, falciform, and round ligament of the liver

97
Q

what does the coronary ligament do

A

connect the liver to superior diaphragm

98
Q

what does the falciform ligament do

A

connect the liver to anterior diaphragm wall

99
Q

what does the round ligament of the liver do

A

connect the liver to the anterior abdominal wall

100
Q

what does the liver do

A

takes waste products from the blood

101
Q

what ar the specialized cells of the liver

A

hepatocytes

102
Q

what do hepatocytes do

A

produce bile

103
Q

what are the functions of the bile

A

emulsifies and breaks down fats, neutralizes acidic contents in the stomach (alkaline)

104
Q

the right and left hepatic ducts combine to form the

A

common hepatic duct

105
Q

the common hepatic duct joins with cycstic duct to form the

A

common bile duct

106
Q

where is the gallbladder

A

posterior side of the liver between righ and quadrate lobe

107
Q

what is the function of the gallbladder

A

store bile

108
Q

where does the common bile duct go

A

the pancreas

109
Q

where is the pancreas

A

posterior and inferior to the stomach

110
Q

what are some of the functions of the pancreas

A

endocrine to produce insiline and glycogen and exocrine to secrete digestive enzymes to break down carbs, fats, and proteins in SI

111
Q

what diet do they suggest for people who have their gallbladder removed

A

eat less fatty foods

112
Q

where do the enzymes of the pancreas leave

A

the main pancreatic duct

113
Q

where does the pancreatic duct release it’s contents through

A

the major duodenal papilla

HSS305 Anatomy (20 decks)

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