Chapter 25: Digestive System Flashcards
what are the two classifications of the digestive system
accessory organs and GI tract
what are some examples of accessory digestive organs
teeth, tongue, salivary gland, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
what are some of the basic functions of the digestive system
ingestion, secretion, mixing and propulsion, digestion, absorption, and defecation
what is the peritoneum
the serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity
what is the peritoneum made of
simple squamous epithelial tissue
what is the parietal peritoneum
lining of the inside of the abdominopelvic cavity
what is the visceral peritoneum
the peritoneum that covers the organs within the abdominopelvic cavity
what is the serosa
another name for the visceral peritoneum
what is the paritoneal cavity
the space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum
what are retroperitoneal organs
organs on the posterior abdominal wall that are covered by parietal peritoneum only on the anterior side
what are two examples of retroperitoneal organs
pancreas and kidney
what is the mesentery
the double fold of parietal peritoneum that connects the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall
what is found in the mesentery
blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
what is the omentum
the double fold of visceral peritoneum, the “fat blanket”
what is the lesser omentum
found off of the lesser curvature of the stomach
what is the greater omentum
found off the greater curvature of the stomach and connects to the transverse colon
what is the oral cavity lined with
stratified squamous epithelium
what is the inferior part of the palate (hard palate) made of
palatine bone
hat type of muscle is the tongue
skeletal
what nerve innovates with the tongue
CNXII hypoglossal
what is found on the back of the tongue
taste buds/papillae CNVII and CNIX
when do primary/deciduous teeth erupt
6-24 months
how many primary teeth do we have
20
when do secondary/permanent teeth erupt
5-11
how many secondary teeth are their?
32
how many secondary teeth do you have if your wisdom teeth are taken out
28
what is found in saliva
salivary amylase
what does salivary amylase do
chemically break down carbohydrates
what are the three salivary glands
parotid, submandibular, sublingual
what are the four layers of the GI Tract from deep to superficial
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
what is the mucosa
the inner lining of epithelial tissue in direct contact with the lumen
what is the submucosa
layer of connective tissue superficial to mucosa that binds (stuff?)
what is the muscularis
the skeletal and smooth muscle tissue that is superficial to the submucosa
what is the serosa
the most superficial layer of simple squamous epithelium, also known as visceral peritoneum
what is the pharynx
a skeletal muscle lined with epithelial tissue that food passes through to get to the esophagus
where is the esophagus
begins at inferior laryngopharyx and runs through mediastinum through the hole of the diaphra, posterior to the trachea
what is the mucosa of the esophagus made of
stratified squamous epithelium
what is the muscularis layer of the superior esophagus
skeletal muscle
what is th emuscularis of the inferior esophagus
smooth muscle
what is peristalis
coordinated contractions of the muscularis that make sure food propels in the correct direction
what do the muscles ahead of food do
relax
what do the muscles behind food do
contract
what is the upper esophageal sphincter
skeletal muscle that regulates air from passing into the esophagus from the pharynx
what is the lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter)
smooth muscle tissue that regulates food that passes into the stomach and blocks stomach acid from burning the esophagus
what is the function of the stomach
a mixing chamber and reserovior for food
what are the regions of the stomach
cardiac, fundus, body, and pyloric region
what is the pyloric sphincter
the smooth muscle that regulates food entering the duodenum
what are the two curvatures of the stomach
greater curvature and lesser curvature
what is the mucosa of the stomach made of
simple columnar epithelial tissue
what are gastric pits
indentations within the mucosa with gastric glands
what are the three types of gastric glands
g cells, parietal cells, and chief
what do g cells do
secrete gastric
what do parietal cells do
produce intrinsic factor and HCL to absorb vitamin B12
what do chief cells do
secrete pepsinogen (to dissolve proteins) and gastric lipase (to dissolve lipids)
what is the muscularis of the stomach made of
smooth muscle
what are the three layers of smooth muscle in the stomach
outer longitudinal layer, middle circular layer, and inner oblique layer
what are rugae
the large folds of mucosa in the inside wall of the stomach
how much can the stomach stretch with the rugae
50X the empty size
how long is the small intestine
10 feet living and 20 in a cadaver
what are the three regions of the small intestine
duoednum, jejunum, and the illeum
where is the duodenum
the c shape that wraps around the head of the pancreas
what is found within the duodenum
the major and minor duodenal papilla
what is the end of the small intestine in the illeum
the ileocecal valve/sphincter
what is the mucosa of the small intestine
simple columnar epithelium
what are goblet cells
specialized cells found within the epithelial mucosa of the small intestine
what types of cells do the intestinal glands have
paneth cells and endocrine cells
what does paneth cells secrete
lysozyme
what does endocrine cells of the intestinal glands secrete
secretin and CCK (cholecystokinin) hormones
what are the two layers of the muscularis
longitudinal outer layer and circular inner layer
what is the plicae circularis
circular folds in the inner lining of the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine
what is villi
projections of mucosa into the lumen
what are in each of the villus core
venule, arteriole, capillary network, and central lacteal.
what are central lacreals
lymphatic capillaries that absorb lipids
what do villus do
absorb nutrients via the capillary network
what is microvilli
microscopic projections on each epithelial cell that further allow increased surface area
what are the functions of the large intestine
absorption of water and elimination of waste
what are the four regions of the large intestine
cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal
what is the appendix
an attachment to the cecum that plays a role in immunity
what is apendicitis
inflammation of the appendix due to an obstruction from collection of becteria
what are the symptoms of apendicitis
abdominal pan, fever, and nausea and vommiting
what is the removal of the appendix
appendectomy
what is peritonosis
burst of the appendix after inflammation of the peritenium
what are the four regions and two curvatures of the colon
ascending colon, right coli flexure, transverse colon, left colic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon
where is the rectum located
anterior to the sacrum and coccyx that extends from the sigmoid colon to the anal canal
what is the function of the rectum
store feces
how long is the anal canal
2-3 cm
what muscle is the internal anal sphincter
smooth muscle (involuntary)
what muscle is the external anal sphincter
skeletal muscle (voluntary)
what is the mucosa of the large intestine wall
simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells
what are the two layers of the muscularis
external longitudinal layer and internal circular layer
what is the tenia coli
thick band of muscularis running longitudinally along the colon
what are haustra
contractions of the tenia coli that gather to make pouches
what is the serosa of the large intestine
epiploic appendages
what are epiploic appendages
small pouches of visceral peritoneum filled with fat along the colon
what are the four lobes of the liver
right, left, caudate, and quadate
what are the three ligaments on the liver
coronary, falciform, and round ligament of the liver
what does the coronary ligament do
connect the liver to superior diaphragm
what does the falciform ligament do
connect the liver to anterior diaphragm wall
what does the round ligament of the liver do
connect the liver to the anterior abdominal wall
what does the liver do
takes waste products from the blood
what ar the specialized cells of the liver
hepatocytes
what do hepatocytes do
produce bile
what are the functions of the bile
emulsifies and breaks down fats, neutralizes acidic contents in the stomach (alkaline)
the right and left hepatic ducts combine to form the
common hepatic duct
the common hepatic duct joins with cycstic duct to form the
common bile duct
where is the gallbladder
posterior side of the liver between righ and quadrate lobe
what is the function of the gallbladder
store bile
where does the common bile duct go
the pancreas
where is the pancreas
posterior and inferior to the stomach
what are some of the functions of the pancreas
endocrine to produce insiline and glycogen and exocrine to secrete digestive enzymes to break down carbs, fats, and proteins in SI
what diet do they suggest for people who have their gallbladder removed
eat less fatty foods
where do the enzymes of the pancreas leave
the main pancreatic duct
where does the pancreatic duct release it’s contents through
the major duodenal papilla
