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HSS305 Anatomy > Chapter 21: The Heart > Flashcards

Chapter 21: The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the cardiovascular system

A

transport nutrients, gases, waste products, and hormones around the body

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2
Q

how heavy is the heart

A

8-10 ounces

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3
Q

what is the apex of the heart

A

the left ventricle

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4
Q

where is the apex

A

fifth intercostal space

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5
Q

what is the base of the heart

A

broad, top end of heart with great vessels of the heart

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6
Q

where is the base of the heart

A

third intercostal space

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7
Q

where is the heart located

A

central compartment inside mediastinum

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8
Q

what is the mediastinum

A

the area within the thoracic cavity, between the lungs

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9
Q

what is the pericardium

A

the double layered sac surrounding the heart

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10
Q

what does the pericardium do

A

anchor and protect the heart

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11
Q

what are the two parts of the pericardium

A

fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium

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12
Q

what is the fibrous pericardium

A

the outer layer of the pericardium that fuses with the diaphragm and sternum

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13
Q

what are the two layers of the serous pericardium

A

parietal and viceral pericardial

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14
Q

where is the pericardial cavity

A

between the parietal and visceral serous pericardium

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15
Q

what is inside the pericardial cavity

A

pericardial fluid

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16
Q

what does pericardial fluid do

A

reduce friction

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17
Q

what are the three layers of tissue that make the wall of the heart

A

epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

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18
Q

the epicardium is also known as the

A

visceral pericardium

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19
Q

what type of tissue is the epicardium

A

epithelium

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20
Q

what is the myocardium

A

the thickest, middle layer of cardiac muscle tissue in the heart

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21
Q

what type of tissue is endocardium

A

simple squamous epithelium

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22
Q

what layer lines the inside of the heart chambers and valves

A

endocardium

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23
Q

characteristics of the cardiac tissue

A

branched, striated, involuntary

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24
Q

what connects cardiac cells

A

intercarcalated discs

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25
Q

what are the two types of junctions between cardiac cells

A

gap junctions and desmosomes

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26
Q

what do gap junctions do

A

transfer electrical impulses

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27
Q

what do desmosomes do

A

clamp muscle cells together during contraction

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28
Q

what is the atria

A

two superior chambers of heart that bring materials inside the heart

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29
Q

what is the ventricles

A

two inferior chambers of heart that exit materials from heart

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30
Q

what does the right atrium do

A

receive deoxygenated blood from blood vessels

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31
Q

what are the three blood vessels that transport deoxygenated blood to the heart

A

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus

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32
Q

what does the right ventricle do

A

receive deoxygenated blood from the right atrium

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33
Q

where does the right ventricle send deoxygenated blood to

A

the right and left pulmonary trunk

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34
Q

where does the pulmonary trunks send the deoxygenated blood to

A

the lungs

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35
Q

what does the left atrium do

A

receive oxygen from the lungs through the pulmonary veins

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36
Q

the left atrium pumps oxygen to

A

the left ventricle

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37
Q

what does the left ventricle do

A

receive oxygen from the left atrium

38
Q

what do valves do

A

prevent blackflow of blood

39
Q

what are the two types of valves in the heart

A

atrioventricular and semilunar

40
Q

where is the atrioventricular valve

A

between the atria and ventricles

41
Q

the tricuspid valve is found in the

A

right atrioventricular valve

42
Q

the bicuspid valve is found in the

A

left atrioventricular valve

43
Q

what happens when ventricles contract

A

pressure forces right and left atrioventricular valves to shut

44
Q

what is chordae tendina

A

the papillary muscle inside the ventricles that prevent the valves from swinging back into the atria

45
Q

how many cusps are in the semilunar valves

A

3

46
Q

what are the two semilunar valves

A

pulmonary semilunar and aortic semilunar valves

47
Q

where is the pulmonary semilunar

A

between the pulmonary trunk and right ventricle

48
Q

where is the aortic semilunar valve

A

between the aorta and left ventricle

49
Q

pulmonary circulation is

A

where blood is sent to the lungs to be oxygenated

50
Q

the systemic circulation is

A

blood carried to other areas of the body

51
Q

coronary circulation

A

carries blood to cells and cardiac tissue of heart

52
Q

the coronary artieries send ____ blood to the _______

A

oxygenated, myocardium

53
Q

what are the two parts of the left coronary artery

A

left anterior descending arteries/anterior inter-ventricular arteries and the circumflex artery

54
Q

what are the two divisions of the right coronary artery

A

posterior interventrical artery and marginal artery

55
Q

what carries deoxygenated blood from the cardiac tissue

A

cardiac veins

56
Q

the right coronary artery merges and empties into the

A

coronary sinus

57
Q

where does the coronary sinus empty into

A

right atrium

58
Q

what generates the heartbeat

A

modified cardiac muscles

59
Q

what is the conduction system that spreads action potentials

A

syncytial contraction

60
Q

What are the four regions of the syncytial conduction system

A

Sinoatrial Node, Atrioventricular Node, Bundle of His, and Purkinje Fibers

61
Q

what is the pacemaker of the heart

A

sinoatrial node

62
Q

where is the sinoatrial node located

A

right atrium, inferior to medial of SVC entrence

63
Q

where is the atrioventricular node located

A

the interatrial septum between left and right atria

64
Q

what does the atrioventricular node do?

A

make sure there is a full contraction

65
Q

what does the AV bundles/bundle of his do

A

sends action potentials from atria to ventricle

66
Q

where are the bundles of his located

A

intraventricular septum between right and left ventricles

67
Q

where is the purkinje fibers located

A

the apex

68
Q

what do purkinje fibers do

A

spread the action potential superior through myocardium

69
Q

when does the heart start to develop

A

2nd week

70
Q

what develops at the fifth week of developent

A

atrial and ventricular septums form

71
Q

what does the atrial septum do

A

act as a flap valve over the foramen ovale

72
Q

where does blood flow through the atrial septum

A

from the right atria to the left atria

73
Q

what does the ductus arteriosus do

A

connect the aorta to the pulmonary trunk

74
Q

what happens when you take your first breath at birth

A

oxygen increases in blood and umbilical blood flow stops, initiating the start of pulmonary circulation

75
Q

what is the depression left from the foramen ovale

A

the fossa ovalis

76
Q

what is the ligamerrtum arteriosum

A

fibrous band between the aorta and the pulmonary trunk

77
Q

what is the average cardiac cycle

A

.75-1 second

78
Q

what is the systole

A

the contraction portion of cardiac cycle

79
Q

what are the two systole contractions

A

atrial systole and ventricular systole

80
Q

what is diastole

A

the relaxation portion of cardiac cycle

81
Q

what are the two diastole relatxations

A

atrial diastole and ventricular diastole

82
Q

what causes the heart sounds

A

the pressure from closing of valves and collisions of blood against the valves

83
Q

when atrial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure what happens

A

the AV valves open

84
Q

when ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure, what happens

A

the AV valves close

85
Q

what is the first heart sound called

A

S1 or “lub”

86
Q

what is happening when the one hears the first heart sound

A

the Av valve closes (tricuspid and mitral)

87
Q

what is the second heart sound called

A

S2 or “dub”

88
Q

where can you hear heart sounds

A

5th intercostal space on each side of the sternum, 2nd intercostal space on each side of sternum

89
Q

what is a heart murmur

A

a embryological defect of heart valves causing unstead blood flow

90
Q

this is the narrowing of blood valves

A

stenosis

91
Q

when can you hear AV stenosis

A

prior to S1

92
Q

when can you hear semilunar stenosis

A

prior to S2

HSS305 Anatomy (20 decks)

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