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Neuroanatomy > Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

Prosancephaly

A

no brain

anterior neuropore did not close

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2
Q

myeloschesis

A

no lumbar cord

posterior neuropore didnt close

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3
Q

myelomeningocoele

A

non functional/ swollen lumbar cord

late closure of posterior neuropore

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4
Q

spina bifida

A

laminae of the vertebrae dont meet

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5
Q

Structure of Neurons

A

10% of cells

Axons; central and peripheral processes, dendrites

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6
Q

function of the axons of neurons

A

peripheral and central processes (central in sensory neurons), tau, transmitter vesicles.

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7
Q

functions of the dendrites of neurons

A

spines, receptors.

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8
Q

how to increase conduction speed

A

thickness of the axon, thickness of myelin, increase inter-nodal distance

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9
Q

schwan cells

A

insulate PERIPHERAL nerves

SUPPORT regeneration of cut axons

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10
Q

oligodendrocytes (40%)

A

insulate CNS axons

PREVENT regeneration of cut axons

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11
Q

astrocytes

A
  1. direct blood flow
  2. scavenge K+ at synapse
  3. creates glymphatic space during sleep
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12
Q

where can you find the primary sensory neurons

A

dorsal root ganglia (spinal ganglia)

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13
Q

lateral motor nuclei of C5-8 and L2-S3

A

lower motor neurons

IPSIlateral arm and leg

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14
Q

3* syphilis

A

tabes dorsalis (disease of the spinal cord)
wasting of the fasciulous gracilis
loss of proprioception in the legs

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15
Q

B12 polyneuropathy

A

demylelination thats starts at the fasciculus gracilis

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16
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

myelin autoimmunity

random loss of spinal tracts

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17
Q

Cuneate and gracile nuclei carry ____ sensory

A

general somatic

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18
Q

epicritic sensation from the spinal ganglia (dorsal root ganglia) via

A

Cuneate ARM and gracile LEG tract

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19
Q

the cuneate and gracile nuclei project to

A

ventroposterolateral thalamic nucleus

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20
Q

the cuneate and gracile nuclei project to the ventroposterolateral thalamic nucleus via

A

internal arcuate fibers and CONTRAlateral medial leminiscus

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21
Q

the postreior spinocerebellat tract carries information on muscle strech in leg from

A

from IPSIlateral dorsal thoracic nucleus

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22
Q

the posterior spinocerebellar tract carries information on muscle stretch in the leg from ____

A

ipsilateral dorsal throacic nucleus

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23
Q

principal contributor to the restiform body

A

posterior spinocerebellar tract

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24
Q

the posterior spinocerebellar tract synapses on

A

the cortex of the anterior lobe of cerebellum

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25
Q

The Accessory (lateral) cuneate nucleus RECEIVES muscle stretch information from

A

the ARM

via superficial fibers in tractus cuneatus

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26
Q

the superfiical fibers in the tractus cuneatues send

A

muscle stretch information from the arm

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27
Q

cuneocerebellar tract joins

A

restiform body

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28
Q

cuneocerebellar tract synapses on

A

cortex of anterior lobe of cerebellum

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29
Q

the anterolateral system

A

the lateral spinothalamic tract and fellow travelers (whatever that means)

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30
Q

in the anterolateral system, axons of 2 neurons are in

A

contralateral nucleus proprius of spinal cord

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31
Q

in the anterolateral system, axons of 2 neurons crossed in

A

anterior white commissure of spinal cord

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32
Q

the anterolateral system carries __ sensation from

A

Protopathic sensation from opposite limbs to ipsilateral VPL thalamic nucleus

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33
Q

where is the posterior pain pathway (inflammation) located?

A

Medial edge of fasciculus gracilis

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34
Q

Shwannoma of VIII (acoustic neuroma) causes

A

facial paresis (VII) and Vertigo (flocculus)

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35
Q

Argyll-Robertson Pupil

A

NO light reflex, QUICK accomodation (3 syphilis)

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36
Q

Adie’s Pupil

A

SLOW light reflex, SLOW accomodation (diabetic neuropathy

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37
Q

Oculomotor Nucleus is found

A

upper midbrain

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38
Q

trochlear nerve is found

A

lower midbrain

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39
Q

abducens nucleus is found

A

lower pons

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40
Q

the oculomotor nerve innervates

A

superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique
levator palpebrae superioris

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41
Q

the trochlear nerve innervates

A

superior oblique

crosses (oppoite side)

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42
Q

Abducens nucleus innervates

A

lateral rectus

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43
Q

the nucleus prepositus (prepositus hypoglossi)

A

fixes gaze

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44
Q

loss of nucleus prepositus causes

A

spontaneous nystagmus

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45
Q

the nucleus prepositus is controlled by

A

contralateral frontal eye field (area 8)

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46
Q

nystagmus

A

vestibular nuclei input directly to lower motor neurons

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47
Q

slow nystagmus

A

counters head movement. beat is fast recovery in the direction of movement

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48
Q

head turns right

A

fast component right, slow component left. nystagmus beats right

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49
Q

automatic ocular tracking

A

superior colliculus and parietal association cortex control

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50
Q

voluntary ocular tracking

A

frontal eye field (area 8) and parietal association cortex (area 7 control)

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51
Q

medial longitudinal fasciculus links

A

eye muscle nuclei and vestibular nuclei

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52
Q

vestibular nuclei

A

special somatic sensory

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53
Q

where is the vestibular nuclei located

A

pontomedullary border

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54
Q

the vestibular nuclei has direct reciprocal connection to

A

nucleus fastigius

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55
Q

what connects the vestibular nuclei to the nucleus fastigius

A

the juxtarestiform body (vestibulocerebellar tract)

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56
Q

the vestibular nuclei has direct connections to ____ via the medial longitudinal fasiculus

A

oculomotor, trochlear, abducens nuclei

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57
Q

damage to the MLF causes

A

prevent nystagmus

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58
Q

visceral motor nuclei are all

A

preganglionic parasympathetic

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59
Q

the actions of the visceral motor nuclei are opposed by

A

postganglionic sympathetic fibers from superior cervical ganglion via carotid plexus

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60
Q

accessory oculomotor (edinger-westfall) gets light information from

A

pretectal nucleus

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61
Q

the pretectal nucleus sends information about

A

light

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62
Q

the projections from the pretectal nuclues to the accessory oculomotor

A

crossover in the posterior commissure, making pupillary reflex consensual

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63
Q

pressure in the posterior commissure would cause

A

abolished consensual light reflex

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64
Q

where does the accesory oculomotor nucleus receive convergence/accomodation information from

A

oculomotor nucleus

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65
Q

the accessory oculomotor (edinger westfall) project to

A

ciliary ganglia

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66
Q

short ciliary nerves control

A

constrictor pupilae and ciliary muscles

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67
Q

dorsal motor nucleus of vagus projects to postganglionis parasympathetic neurons where?

A

in bronchi and gut to left colic flexure

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68
Q

the bronchi and gut receive postganglionic parasympathetic innervation from

A

the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus

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69
Q

postganglionis parasympathetic innervation of the bronchi and gut

A

constriction of bronchi

stimulates secretion and peristalsis in gut

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70
Q

Branchial Motor Nuclei

A

special visceral motor

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71
Q

motor root of trigeminal innervates

A

jaw muscles and tensor tympani (1st arch)

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72
Q

facial innervates

A
  1. stapedius to dampen loud noise (2nd arch)
  2. facial muscles (buccinator and orbicularis oculi)
  3. external genu in facial canal of petrous part of temporal bone
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73
Q

swelling of the petrous part of the temporal bone causes

A

self limiting bells palsy

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74
Q

nucleus ambiguus projects to

A

larynx

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75
Q

the nucleus ambiguus projects to larynx via

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

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76
Q

nucleus ambiguous sends preganglionic parasympathetics where?

A

to the heart via the vagus nerve

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77
Q

where does CN X (Vagus) leave

A

between the olive and posterior spinocerebellar tract

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78
Q

Accessory nerve is found

A

lowest medulla and C1-6

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79
Q

accessory (XI) innervates

A

trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

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80
Q

primary sensory neurons are in

A

glanglia (except mesencephalicnucleus of V)

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81
Q

secondary sensory neurons are in

A

cranial nerve nuclei

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82
Q

rostral solitary nucleus surrounds the solitary tract where

A

lower pons

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83
Q

solitary tract brings taste info DOWN from

A

geniculate ganglion of VII (facial)

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84
Q

genicular ganglion of facial (from solitary tract)

A
  1. taste from the antrior 2.3 of tongue

2. chorda tympani

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85
Q

solitary tract brings taste UP from

A

petrosal (inferior glossopharyngeal) ganglion

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86
Q

caudal solitary nucleus surrounds solitary tract where?

A

Upper medulla

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87
Q

petrosal ganglion innervated carotid sinus via

A

sinus nerve of Hering

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88
Q

solitary tract brings blood pressure info from

A

petrosal ganglion to caudal solitary nucleus

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89
Q

solitary nucleus projects to nucleus ambiguous to

A

slow heart rate

90
Q

carotid sinus reflex

A

solitary nucleus to nucleus ambiguous to slow heart rate

91
Q

ventrolareral pontomedullary border (retrotrapezoid nucleus) senses

A

pH (ppCOS2)

92
Q

ventrolareral pontomedullary border projects information about pH and ppCO2 to the

A

inspiratory center

93
Q

the area postrema sense

A

toxins, projects to vomiting center

94
Q

sends information about toxins to the vomiting center

A

the area postrema

95
Q

trigeminal nuclei

A

general somatic sensory

96
Q

mesencephalic nucleus is found

A

upper pons and midbrain

97
Q

the mesencephalic nucleus contains primary sensory neurons for

A

muscle and tendon stretch

98
Q

the mesencephalic nucleus project to

A

motor nuclei of cranial nerves

99
Q

principal sensory nucleus is found

A

mid pons

100
Q

the principal sensory nucleus has __ sensation

A

epicritc

101
Q

the principal sensory nucleus receives input from

A

primary neurons in ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion

102
Q

the principal sensory nucleus projects to both ventroposteromedial thalamic nuclei via

A

anterior (crossed) and posterior (uncorssed) trigeminothalamic tracts

103
Q

spinal trigeminal nucleus is found

A

medulla and C1

104
Q

spinal trigeminal nucleus carries __sensation

A

protopathic

105
Q

spinal trigeminal nucleus protopathic input from

A

primary neurons in trigeminal ganglion via spinal tract of V (trigeminal)

106
Q

spinal trigeminal nucleus receives information about ___ from the vagus nerve

A

pain in the eardrum

107
Q

the spinal trigeminal nucleus projects to _______ via the anterior trigeminothalamic tract

A

contralateral VPm thalamic nucleus

108
Q

blood supply of the olive

A

vertebral artery and branches

109
Q

anterior spinal artery supplies

A

pyramids and medial leminisucs

110
Q

posterior inferior cerebellar artery supplies

A

inferior cerebellar peduncle vestibular nuclei and spinal tract of trigeminal (V)

111
Q

what forms the basilar artery

A

both vertebral arteries

112
Q

the basilar artery is the sole blood supply of

A

the pons

113
Q

the paramedian branches of the basilar artery supply

A

basis pontis and medial tegmentum

114
Q

basilar artery’s circumflex branches supply

A

middle cerebellar peduncle and lateral tegmentum

115
Q

superior cerebellar branches of basilar supply

A

superior cerebellar peduncles

116
Q

posterior cerebral artery is the terminal branches of

A

basilar artery

117
Q

medial paramedian branch of posterior cerebral artery supply

A

cerebral peduncles

118
Q

posterior communicating branch of posterior cerebral supplies

A

midbrain tegmentum

119
Q

quadrigeminal branch of posterior cerebral artery supplies

A

superior and inferior colliculi

120
Q

lateral ventricles are connected to the 3rd ventricle via

A

foramen of monroe

121
Q

the 3rd ventricle is connected to the 4th via

A

cerebral aqueduct

122
Q

a blockage of the cerebral aqueduct causes

A

non communicating hydrocephalus

123
Q

4th ventricle connected to subarachnoid space via

A

foramina of luschka

124
Q

subarachnoid space into superior sagittal sinus via

A

arachnoid granulations

125
Q

a blockage of the arachnoid granulations causes

A

communicating hydrocephalus

126
Q

the cerebrum, diencephalon, and midbrain are aware of and control

A

the contralateral side of the body

127
Q

axial muscles are usually ___ controlled

A

bilaterally

128
Q

cerebellum usually tones and coordinates

A

contralateral muscles

129
Q

the cerebellum tones and coordinates contralateral muscles via

A

VL thalamus and motor cortex

130
Q

cerebellum damage causes

A

hypokinetic syndromes

131
Q

disequilibrium

A

flocculonodular lobe

132
Q

truncal paresis

A

instability, fall to lesioned side- vermis/fastigial nucleus

133
Q

wernickes ataxia

A

thiamine deficiency- anterior lobe

134
Q

wernickes encephalopathy involved

A

heart

135
Q

hypotonia

A

anterior lobe/glucose emboliform nuclei

136
Q

dysdiadochokinesis

A

resolution of movment-poteriorlobe/denate nucleus

137
Q

blood supply to anterior lobe of cerebellum

A

superior cerebellar artery

138
Q

blood supply to the posterior lobe and flocculus of cerebellum

A

anterior inferior cerebellar artery

139
Q

papez circuit

A 
hippocampus to 
mammillary body to 
anterior thalamus to 
cingulate gyrus to 
hippocampus
140
Q

reward circuit

A 
septal nucleus 
to 
medial habenula
to 
interpeduncular 
to 
nucleus accumbens (D1)
141
Q

aversive pathway:

A

ventral pallidum to
lateral habenula
to
interpeduncular nucleus

142
Q

fear: freeze, flee or flight

A

amygdala
stria terminalis
bed nucleus
septal nuclei

143
Q

loss of amygdala

A

foolhardiness

144
Q

pressure on amygdala

A

hyperaggression

145
Q

medial forebrain bundle integrates limbic system

A 
IP
Hypothamalus 
septal nuclei
nucleus accumbens
orbital cortex
146
Q

bed of nucleus of stria terminalis

A

gender identity

147
Q

episodic memory

A 
cortex to 
hippocampus
to 
mamillary body
to 
anterior thalamus
to 
cortex
148
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to learn new facts and events

149
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

inability to recall old facts and events

150
Q

Thalamoperforating branch of posterior cerebral

A

centromedian
anterior thalamic nucleus
ventral anterior
ventolateral

151
Q

thalamogeniculate branch of posterior cerebral

A

ventroposterolateral
ventroposterimedial
lateral geniculate
meidal geniculate

152
Q

centromedian function of thalamic nuclei

A

wakefullness

153
Q

anterior thalamic nucleus function

A

episodic memory and emotion (papez circuit)

154
Q

ventral anterior function of thalamic nuclei

A

mediate basal nuclei initiates movement

155
Q

ventroposterolateral function of thalamic nuclei

A

contralateral somesthesia, trunk and limbs

156
Q

ventroposteromedial function of thalamic nuclei

A

somethesia, head (pain crossed, epicritc bilateral)

157
Q

lateral geniculate

A

vision in contralateral field

158
Q

medial geniculate

A

hearing, sound discrimination

159
Q

supraoptic region

A 
Dorsolateral preoptic nucleus 
Dorsomedial preoptic nucleus 
Ventromedeial preoptic nucleus 
INAH3
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
160
Q

tuberal region

A

Supraoptic nucleus
Arcuate nucleus
Ventromedial nucleus
Lateral Nucleus

161
Q

mammillary region

A

mamillary nucleus

posterior nucleus

162
Q

Dorsolateral preoptic nucleus -

A

sleep

163
Q

Dorsomedial preoptic nucleus -

A

temperature

164
Q

Ventromedeial preoptic nucleus -

A

GnRH

165
Q

INAH3

A

sexual orientation

166
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

circadian rhythm

167
Q

Anterior hypothalamic nucleus

A

parasympathetic

168
Q

Paraventricular nucleus

A

oxytocin

169
Q

Supraoptic nucleus

A

ADH

170
Q

Arcuate nucleus

A

TRH, SRH, CRH, NpY to lateral nucleus, alphaMSH to ventromedial nucleus

171
Q

Ventromedial nucleus

A

satiety, serotonin to inhibit lateral nucleus

172
Q

Lateral nucleus

A

appetite

173
Q

Mammillary nucleus

A

episodic memory, mood, affect

174
Q

mamillary nucleus is vulnerable to

A

thiamine deficiency

175
Q

Posterior nucleus

A

sympathetic

176
Q

putamen + globus pallidus =

A

lenticular nucleus

177
Q

putamen + caudate =

A

striatum

178
Q

striatum + globus pallidus =

A

corpus striatum

179
Q

corpus striatum + subthalamic nucleus + substantia nigra

A

basal nuclei

180
Q

Medial globus pallidus inhibits

A

VA

181
Q

Subthalamic nucleus stimulates

A

medial globus pallidus, prevents random movement

182
Q

Substantia nigra - starts movement by

A

by inhibiting lenticular nucleus

183
Q

D1

A

stimulatory dopamine receptor (striatum, preoptic hypothalamus, nucleus accumbens)

inhibitory acetylcholine receptor (D1 neurons in putamen)

184
Q

D2

A

inhibitory dopamine receptor (striatum)

stimulatory acetylcholine receptor (D2 neurons in putamen)

185
Q

D3

A

inhibitory dopamine receptor in pontine reticular formation

186
Q

NMDA

A

fragile stimulatory glutamate receptor (cerebrum, corpus striatum)

187
Q

GABA

A

always inhibitory (globus pallidus, thalamus, nucleus ceruleus)

188
Q

Medial striate

A

(recurrent branch of A2 of anterior cerebral)

189
Q

Head of caudate nucleus

A

facilitates pronunciation

190
Q

Lenticulostriate branches of M1 of middle cerebral

A

Putamen & lateral globus pallidus

191
Q

Anterior choroidal branch of internal carotid

A

Medial globus pallidus

192
Q

Medial globus pallidus

A

inhibits movement

193
Q

medial striate- recurrent branch of A2 of anterior cerebral

A

head of caudate nucleus

194
Q

Huntington’s

A

progressively worse small jerks (autosomal dominant gene) RARE

195
Q

Hemiballismus

A

constant large jerks (stroke)

196
Q

Tardive dyskinesia

A

constant facial movements: reaction to chronic dopamine blockade (Haldol etc)

197
Q

Sydenham’s

A

temporary sequel of scarlet fever UNCOMMON

198
Q

Narcolepsy

A

sudden sleep attacks (idiopathic or reaction to overstimulation of dopamine receptors)

199
Q

Hyperkinetic - damage to basal nuclei

A 
Huntingtons 
Hemiballismus 
tardive 
syndenhams
narcolepsy
200
Q

hypokinetic damage to basal nuclei

A

Parkinson’s

201
Q

Parkinson’s

A

hard to start movement, progressive bradykinesia, facial immobility, anterograde walking, resting tremor - caffeine confers some protection COMMON

202
Q

Hyperkinetic - due to defect in pontine D3 receptors

A

Restless legs

203
Q

Restless legs

A

kicking in sleep (autosomal dominant gene) COMMON

204
Q

Upper motor neuron lesion

A

spastic paralysis below lesion

205
Q

Lower motor neuron lesion

A

flaccid paralysis at lesion
C5-T1: arm
L3-S3: leg

206
Q

Peripheral nerve lesion

A

flaccid paralysis of destination muscle - temporary with good suture of nerve

207
Q

Lesion above pyramidal decussation

A

spastic paralysis on opposite side

208
Q

Lesion below pyramidal decussation

A

paralysis on same side

209
Q

Anterior corticospinal tracts are redundant

A

lesions are symptomatic only if bilateral

210
Q

Loss of Wernicke’s area:

A

fluent aphasia

211
Q

Loss of Broca’s area

A

mute aphsia

212
Q

Small pyramidal cells

A

intracerebral projection

213
Q

large pyramidal cells

A

project to internuncial neurons in cord

214
Q

large pyramidal cells are found

A

areas 2,3,4,67

215
Q

Betz cells

A

project to LMN

216
Q

Betz cells are found

A

area 4 only

217
Q

Intermediolateral nucleus

A

preganglionic sympathetic neurons

218
Q

Medial motor nucleus

A

LMN for trunk muscles

219
Q

Anterior spinal artery

A

supplies all but posterior funiculus & substantia gelatinosa

220
Q

Dorsal thoracic nucleus

A

2o neurons for muscle stretch, origin of posterior spinocerebellar tract

221
Q

Lateral spinothalamic tract

A

protopathic from opposite side

Neuroanatomy (19 decks)

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