Final Exam Review Flashcards
1
Q
Prosancephaly
A
no brain
anterior neuropore did not close
2
Q
myeloschesis
A
no lumbar cord
posterior neuropore didnt close
3
Q
myelomeningocoele
A
non functional/ swollen lumbar cord
late closure of posterior neuropore
4
Q
spina bifida
A
laminae of the vertebrae dont meet
5
Q
Structure of Neurons
A
10% of cells
Axons; central and peripheral processes, dendrites
6
Q
function of the axons of neurons
A
peripheral and central processes (central in sensory neurons), tau, transmitter vesicles.
7
Q
functions of the dendrites of neurons
A
spines, receptors.
8
Q
how to increase conduction speed
A
thickness of the axon, thickness of myelin, increase inter-nodal distance
9
Q
schwan cells
A
insulate PERIPHERAL nerves
SUPPORT regeneration of cut axons
10
Q
oligodendrocytes (40%)
A
insulate CNS axons
PREVENT regeneration of cut axons
11
Q
astrocytes
A
- direct blood flow
- scavenge K+ at synapse
- creates glymphatic space during sleep
12
Q
where can you find the primary sensory neurons
A
dorsal root ganglia (spinal ganglia)
13
Q
lateral motor nuclei of C5-8 and L2-S3
A
lower motor neurons
IPSIlateral arm and leg
14
Q
3* syphilis
A
tabes dorsalis (disease of the spinal cord)
wasting of the fasciulous gracilis
loss of proprioception in the legs
15
Q
B12 polyneuropathy
A
demylelination thats starts at the fasciculus gracilis
16
Q
Multiple Sclerosis
A
myelin autoimmunity
random loss of spinal tracts
17
Q
Cuneate and gracile nuclei carry ____ sensory
A
general somatic
18
Q
epicritic sensation from the spinal ganglia (dorsal root ganglia) via
A
Cuneate ARM and gracile LEG tract
19
Q
the cuneate and gracile nuclei project to
A
ventroposterolateral thalamic nucleus
20
Q
the cuneate and gracile nuclei project to the ventroposterolateral thalamic nucleus via
A
internal arcuate fibers and CONTRAlateral medial leminiscus
21
Q
the postreior spinocerebellat tract carries information on muscle strech in leg from
A
from IPSIlateral dorsal thoracic nucleus
22
Q
the posterior spinocerebellar tract carries information on muscle stretch in the leg from ____
A
ipsilateral dorsal throacic nucleus
23
Q
principal contributor to the restiform body
A
posterior spinocerebellar tract
24
Q
the posterior spinocerebellar tract synapses on
A
the cortex of the anterior lobe of cerebellum
25
The Accessory (lateral) cuneate nucleus RECEIVES muscle stretch information from
the ARM
| via superficial fibers in tractus cuneatus
26
the superfiical fibers in the tractus cuneatues send
muscle stretch information from the arm
27
cuneocerebellar tract joins
restiform body
28
cuneocerebellar tract synapses on
cortex of anterior lobe of cerebellum
29
the anterolateral system
the lateral spinothalamic tract and fellow travelers (whatever that means)
30
in the anterolateral system, axons of 2 neurons are in
contralateral nucleus proprius of spinal cord
31
in the anterolateral system, axons of 2 neurons crossed in
anterior white commissure of spinal cord
32
the anterolateral system carries __ sensation from
Protopathic sensation from opposite limbs to ipsilateral VPL thalamic nucleus
33
where is the posterior pain pathway (inflammation) located?
Medial edge of fasciculus gracilis
34
Shwannoma of VIII (acoustic neuroma) causes
facial paresis (VII) and Vertigo (flocculus)
35
Argyll-Robertson Pupil
NO light reflex, QUICK accomodation (3 syphilis)
36
Adie's Pupil
SLOW light reflex, SLOW accomodation (diabetic neuropathy
37
Oculomotor Nucleus is found
upper midbrain
38
trochlear nerve is found
lower midbrain
39
abducens nucleus is found
lower pons
40
the oculomotor nerve innervates
superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique
levator palpebrae superioris
41
the trochlear nerve innervates
superior oblique
| crosses (oppoite side)
42
Abducens nucleus innervates
lateral rectus
43
the nucleus prepositus (prepositus hypoglossi)
fixes gaze
44
loss of nucleus prepositus causes
spontaneous nystagmus
45
the nucleus prepositus is controlled by
contralateral frontal eye field (area 8)
46
nystagmus
vestibular nuclei input directly to lower motor neurons
47
slow nystagmus
counters head movement. beat is fast recovery in the direction of movement
48
head turns right
fast component right, slow component left. nystagmus beats right
49
automatic ocular tracking
superior colliculus and parietal association cortex control
50
voluntary ocular tracking
frontal eye field (area 8) and parietal association cortex (area 7 control)
51
medial longitudinal fasciculus links
eye muscle nuclei and vestibular nuclei
52
vestibular nuclei
special somatic sensory
53
where is the vestibular nuclei located
pontomedullary border
54
the vestibular nuclei has direct reciprocal connection to
nucleus fastigius
55
what connects the vestibular nuclei to the nucleus fastigius
the juxtarestiform body (vestibulocerebellar tract)
56
the vestibular nuclei has direct connections to ____ via the medial longitudinal fasiculus
oculomotor, trochlear, abducens nuclei
57
damage to the MLF causes
prevent nystagmus
58
visceral motor nuclei are all
preganglionic parasympathetic
59
the actions of the visceral motor nuclei are opposed by
postganglionic sympathetic fibers from superior cervical ganglion via carotid plexus
60
accessory oculomotor (edinger-westfall) gets light information from
pretectal nucleus
61
the pretectal nucleus sends information about
light
62
the projections from the pretectal nuclues to the accessory oculomotor
crossover in the posterior commissure, making pupillary reflex consensual
63
pressure in the posterior commissure would cause
abolished consensual light reflex
64
where does the accesory oculomotor nucleus receive convergence/accomodation information from
oculomotor nucleus
65
the accessory oculomotor (edinger westfall) project to
ciliary ganglia
66
short ciliary nerves control
constrictor pupilae and ciliary muscles
67
dorsal motor nucleus of vagus projects to postganglionis parasympathetic neurons where?
in bronchi and gut to left colic flexure
68
the bronchi and gut receive postganglionic parasympathetic innervation from
the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus
69
postganglionis parasympathetic innervation of the bronchi and gut
constriction of bronchi
| stimulates secretion and peristalsis in gut
70
Branchial Motor Nuclei
special visceral motor
71
motor root of trigeminal innervates
jaw muscles and tensor tympani (1st arch)
72
facial innervates
1. stapedius to dampen loud noise (2nd arch)
2. facial muscles (buccinator and orbicularis oculi)
3. external genu in facial canal of petrous part of temporal bone
73
swelling of the petrous part of the temporal bone causes
self limiting bells palsy
74
nucleus ambiguus projects to
larynx
75
the nucleus ambiguus projects to larynx via
recurrent laryngeal nerve
76
nucleus ambiguous sends preganglionic parasympathetics where?
to the heart via the vagus nerve
77
where does CN X (Vagus) leave
between the olive and posterior spinocerebellar tract
78
Accessory nerve is found
lowest medulla and C1-6
79
accessory (XI) innervates
trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
80
primary sensory neurons are in
glanglia (except mesencephalicnucleus of V)
81
secondary sensory neurons are in
cranial nerve nuclei
82
rostral solitary nucleus surrounds the solitary tract where
lower pons
83
solitary tract brings taste info DOWN from
geniculate ganglion of VII (facial)
84
genicular ganglion of facial (from solitary tract)
1. taste from the antrior 2.3 of tongue
| 2. chorda tympani
85
solitary tract brings taste UP from
petrosal (inferior glossopharyngeal) ganglion
86
caudal solitary nucleus surrounds solitary tract where?
Upper medulla
87
petrosal ganglion innervated carotid sinus via
sinus nerve of Hering
88
solitary tract brings blood pressure info from
petrosal ganglion to caudal solitary nucleus
89
solitary nucleus projects to nucleus ambiguous to
slow heart rate
90
carotid sinus reflex
solitary nucleus to nucleus ambiguous to slow heart rate
91
ventrolareral pontomedullary border (retrotrapezoid nucleus) senses
pH (ppCOS2)
92
ventrolareral pontomedullary border projects information about pH and ppCO2 to the
inspiratory center
93
the area postrema sense
toxins, projects to vomiting center
94
sends information about toxins to the vomiting center
the area postrema
95
trigeminal nuclei
general somatic sensory
96
mesencephalic nucleus is found
upper pons and midbrain
97
the mesencephalic nucleus contains primary sensory neurons for
muscle and tendon stretch
98
the mesencephalic nucleus project to
motor nuclei of cranial nerves
99
principal sensory nucleus is found
mid pons
100
the principal sensory nucleus has __ sensation
epicritc
101
the principal sensory nucleus receives input from
primary neurons in ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion
102
the principal sensory nucleus projects to both ventroposteromedial thalamic nuclei via
anterior (crossed) and posterior (uncorssed) trigeminothalamic tracts
103
spinal trigeminal nucleus is found
medulla and C1
104
spinal trigeminal nucleus carries __sensation
protopathic
105
spinal trigeminal nucleus protopathic input from
primary neurons in trigeminal ganglion via spinal tract of V (trigeminal)
106
spinal trigeminal nucleus receives information about ___ from the vagus nerve
pain in the eardrum
107
the spinal trigeminal nucleus projects to _______ via the anterior trigeminothalamic tract
contralateral VPm thalamic nucleus
108
blood supply of the olive
vertebral artery and branches
109
anterior spinal artery supplies
pyramids and medial leminisucs
110
posterior inferior cerebellar artery supplies
inferior cerebellar peduncle vestibular nuclei and spinal tract of trigeminal (V)
111
what forms the basilar artery
both vertebral arteries
112
the basilar artery is the sole blood supply of
the pons
113
the paramedian branches of the basilar artery supply
basis pontis and medial tegmentum
114
basilar artery's circumflex branches supply
middle cerebellar peduncle and lateral tegmentum
115
superior cerebellar branches of basilar supply
superior cerebellar peduncles
116
posterior cerebral artery is the terminal branches of
basilar artery
117
medial paramedian branch of posterior cerebral artery supply
cerebral peduncles
118
posterior communicating branch of posterior cerebral supplies
midbrain tegmentum
119
quadrigeminal branch of posterior cerebral artery supplies
superior and inferior colliculi
120
lateral ventricles are connected to the 3rd ventricle via
foramen of monroe
121
the 3rd ventricle is connected to the 4th via
cerebral aqueduct
122
a blockage of the cerebral aqueduct causes
non communicating hydrocephalus
123
4th ventricle connected to subarachnoid space via
foramina of luschka
124
subarachnoid space into superior sagittal sinus via
arachnoid granulations
125
a blockage of the arachnoid granulations causes
communicating hydrocephalus
126
the cerebrum, diencephalon, and midbrain are aware of and control
the contralateral side of the body
127
axial muscles are usually ___ controlled
bilaterally
128
cerebellum usually tones and coordinates
contralateral muscles
129
the cerebellum tones and coordinates contralateral muscles via
VL thalamus and motor cortex
130
cerebellum damage causes
hypokinetic syndromes
131
disequilibrium
flocculonodular lobe
132
truncal paresis
instability, fall to lesioned side- vermis/fastigial nucleus
133
wernickes ataxia
thiamine deficiency- anterior lobe
134
wernickes encephalopathy involved
heart
135
hypotonia
anterior lobe/glucose emboliform nuclei
136
dysdiadochokinesis
resolution of movment-poteriorlobe/denate nucleus
137
blood supply to anterior lobe of cerebellum
superior cerebellar artery
138
blood supply to the posterior lobe and flocculus of cerebellum
anterior inferior cerebellar artery
139
papez circuit
```
hippocampus to
mammillary body to
anterior thalamus to
cingulate gyrus to
hippocampus
```
140
reward circuit
```
septal nucleus
to
medial habenula
to
interpeduncular
to
nucleus accumbens (D1)
```
141
aversive pathway:
ventral pallidum to
lateral habenula
to
interpeduncular nucleus
142
fear: freeze, flee or flight
amygdala
stria terminalis
bed nucleus
septal nuclei
143
loss of amygdala
foolhardiness
144
pressure on amygdala
hyperaggression
145
medial forebrain bundle integrates limbic system
```
IP
Hypothamalus
septal nuclei
nucleus accumbens
orbital cortex
```
146
bed of nucleus of stria terminalis
gender identity
147
episodic memory
```
cortex to
hippocampus
to
mamillary body
to
anterior thalamus
to
cortex
```
148
anterograde amnesia
inability to learn new facts and events
149
retrograde amnesia
inability to recall old facts and events
150
Thalamoperforating branch of posterior cerebral
centromedian
anterior thalamic nucleus
ventral anterior
ventolateral
151
thalamogeniculate branch of posterior cerebral
ventroposterolateral
ventroposterimedial
lateral geniculate
meidal geniculate
152
centromedian function of thalamic nuclei
wakefullness
153
anterior thalamic nucleus function
episodic memory and emotion (papez circuit)
154
ventral anterior function of thalamic nuclei
mediate basal nuclei initiates movement
155
ventroposterolateral function of thalamic nuclei
contralateral somesthesia, trunk and limbs
156
ventroposteromedial function of thalamic nuclei
somethesia, head (pain crossed, epicritc bilateral)
157
lateral geniculate
vision in contralateral field
158
medial geniculate
hearing, sound discrimination
159
supraoptic region
```
Dorsolateral preoptic nucleus
Dorsomedial preoptic nucleus
Ventromedeial preoptic nucleus
INAH3
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
```
160
tuberal region
Supraoptic nucleus
Arcuate nucleus
Ventromedial nucleus
Lateral Nucleus
161
mammillary region
mamillary nucleus
| posterior nucleus
162
Dorsolateral preoptic nucleus -
sleep
163
Dorsomedial preoptic nucleus -
temperature
164
Ventromedeial preoptic nucleus -
GnRH
165
INAH3
sexual orientation
166
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
circadian rhythm
167
Anterior hypothalamic nucleus
parasympathetic
168
Paraventricular nucleus
oxytocin
169
Supraoptic nucleus
ADH
170
Arcuate nucleus
TRH, SRH, CRH, NpY to lateral nucleus, alphaMSH to ventromedial nucleus
171
Ventromedial nucleus
satiety, serotonin to inhibit lateral nucleus
172
Lateral nucleus
appetite
173
Mammillary nucleus
episodic memory, mood, affect
174
mamillary nucleus is vulnerable to
thiamine deficiency
175
Posterior nucleus
sympathetic
176
putamen + globus pallidus =
lenticular nucleus
177
putamen + caudate =
striatum
178
striatum + globus pallidus =
corpus striatum
179
corpus striatum + subthalamic nucleus + substantia nigra
basal nuclei
180
Medial globus pallidus inhibits
VA
181
Subthalamic nucleus stimulates
medial globus pallidus, prevents random movement
182
Substantia nigra - starts movement by
by inhibiting lenticular nucleus
183
D1
stimulatory dopamine receptor (striatum, preoptic hypothalamus, nucleus accumbens)
inhibitory acetylcholine receptor (D1 neurons in putamen)
184
D2
inhibitory dopamine receptor (striatum)
stimulatory acetylcholine receptor (D2 neurons in putamen)
185
D3
inhibitory dopamine receptor in pontine reticular formation
186
NMDA
fragile stimulatory glutamate receptor (cerebrum, corpus striatum)
187
GABA
always inhibitory (globus pallidus, thalamus, nucleus ceruleus)
188
Medial striate
(recurrent branch of A2 of anterior cerebral)
189
Head of caudate nucleus
facilitates pronunciation
190
Lenticulostriate branches of M1 of middle cerebral
Putamen & lateral globus pallidus
191
Anterior choroidal branch of internal carotid
Medial globus pallidus
192
Medial globus pallidus
inhibits movement
193
medial striate- recurrent branch of A2 of anterior cerebral
head of caudate nucleus
194
Huntington’s
progressively worse small jerks (autosomal dominant gene) RARE
195
Hemiballismus
constant large jerks (stroke)
196
Tardive dyskinesia
constant facial movements: reaction to chronic dopamine blockade (Haldol etc)
197
Sydenham’s
temporary sequel of scarlet fever UNCOMMON
198
Narcolepsy
sudden sleep attacks (idiopathic or reaction to overstimulation of dopamine receptors)
199
Hyperkinetic - damage to basal nuclei
```
Huntingtons
Hemiballismus
tardive
syndenhams
narcolepsy
```
200
hypokinetic damage to basal nuclei
Parkinson’s
201
Parkinson’s
hard to start movement, progressive bradykinesia, facial immobility, anterograde walking, resting tremor - caffeine confers some protection COMMON
202
Hyperkinetic - due to defect in pontine D3 receptors
Restless legs
203
Restless legs
kicking in sleep (autosomal dominant gene) COMMON
204
Upper motor neuron lesion
spastic paralysis below lesion
205
Lower motor neuron lesion
flaccid paralysis at lesion
C5-T1: arm
L3-S3: leg
206
Peripheral nerve lesion
flaccid paralysis of destination muscle - temporary with good suture of nerve
207
Lesion above pyramidal decussation
spastic paralysis on opposite side
208
Lesion below pyramidal decussation
paralysis on same side
209
Anterior corticospinal tracts are redundant
lesions are symptomatic only if bilateral
210
Loss of Wernicke's area:
fluent aphasia
211
Loss of Broca's area
mute aphsia
212
Small pyramidal cells
intracerebral projection
213
large pyramidal cells
project to internuncial neurons in cord
214
large pyramidal cells are found
areas 2,3,4,67
215
Betz cells
project to LMN
216
Betz cells are found
area 4 only
217
Intermediolateral nucleus
preganglionic sympathetic neurons
218
Medial motor nucleus
LMN for trunk muscles
219
Anterior spinal artery
supplies all but posterior funiculus & substantia gelatinosa
220
Dorsal thoracic nucleus
2o neurons for muscle stretch, origin of posterior spinocerebellar tract
221
Lateral spinothalamic tract
protopathic from opposite side
